Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft-tissue infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:1373–406.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Raff AB, Kroshinsky D. Cellulitis: a review. JAMA. 2016;316:325.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nightingale R, Yadav K, Hamill L, et al. Misdiagnosis of uncomplicated cellulitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2023;38:2396–404.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Weng QY, Raff AB, Cohen JM, et al. Costs and consequences associated with misdiagnosed lower extremity cellulitis. JAMA Dermatol. 2017;153:141.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

David CV, Chira S, Eells SJ, et al. Diagnostic accuracy in patients admitted to hospitals with cellulitis. Dermatol Online J. 2011;17(3):1.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hayeri MR, Ziai P, Shehata ML, et al. Soft-tissue infections and their imaging mimics: from cellulitis to necrotizing fasciitis. Radiographics. 2016;36:1888–910.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gottlieb M, Avila J, Chottiner M, Peksa GD. Point-of-care ultrasonography for the diagnosis of skin and soft tissue abscesses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Emerg Med. 2020;76:67–77.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Regensburger AP, Brown E, Krönke G, et al. Optoacoustic imaging in inflammation. Biomedicines. 2021;9:483.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Oi M, Maruhashi T, Kumazawa K, et al. Diagnosis of skin and soft tissue infections using near-infrared spectroscopy. Acute Med Surg. 2021;8:e642.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen Y-M, Chen H-H, Chao W-C, et al. Non-invasive assessment of cellulitis from snapshot hyperspectral imaging – a preliminary study. Skin Res Technol. 2018;24:343–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim B, Lee SH, Yoon CJ, et al. In vivo visualization of skin inflammation by optical coherence tomography and two-photon microscopy. Biomed Opt Express. 2015;6:2512.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gunderson CG. Cellulitis: definition, etiology, and clinical features. Am J Med. 2011;124:1113–22.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Herchline TE. Cellulitis workup [online]. Medscape. 30 2024; Available at: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214222-workup. Accessed 7 Jul 2026.

Drerup C, Eveslage M, Sunderkötter C, Ehrchen J. Diagnostic value of laboratory parameters for the discrimination between erysipelas and limited cellulitis. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2020;18:1417–24.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bauer S, Aubert CE, Richli M, Chuard C. Blood cultures in the evaluation of uncomplicated cellulitis. Eur J Intern Med. 2016;36:50–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O’Rourke K, Kibbee N, Stubbs A. Ultrasound for the evaluation of skin and soft tissue infections. Mo Med. 2015;112:202–5.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tayal VS, Hasan N, Norton HJ, Tomaszewski CA. The effect of soft-tissue ultrasound on the management of cellulitis in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2006;13:384–8.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jeffers K, Keim SM, Long B, et al. What is the utility of point-of-care ultrasound for diagnosis of soft tissue abscess vs cellulitis? J Emerg Med. 2025;72:121–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nam I-C, Kim D-R, Lee J-S, et al. Computed tomography imaging characteristics in the diagnosis and assessment of cellulitis in patients with leg swelling. Medicina. 2025;61:982.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gaspari R, Dayno M, Briones J, Blehar D. Comparison of computerized tomography and ultrasound for diagnosing soft tissue abscesses. Crit Ultrasound. 2012;J 4:5.

Article  Google Scholar 

Pal D, Roy SG, Singh R, Hayeri MR. Imaging features of soft-tissue infections. Skeletal Radiol. 2024;53:2211–26.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Burke CE, Maley OR, Mancini B, et al. Utilization of CT for extremity cellulitis: a retrospective single-center analysis. J Am Coll Radiol. 2025;22:76–83.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Altmayer S, Verma N, Dicks EA, Oliveira A. Imaging musculoskeletal soft tissue infections. Semin Ultrasound CT MRI. 2020;41:85–98.

Article  Google Scholar 

Schmid MR, Kossmann T, Duewell S. Differentiation of necrotizing fasciitis and cellulitis using MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1998;170:615–20.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ali SZ, Srinivasan S, Peh WCG. MRI in necrotizing fasciitis of the extremities. Br J Radiol. 2014;87:20130560.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim MC, Kim S, Cho EB, et al. Utility of magnetic resonance imaging for differentiating necrotizing fasciitis from severe cellulitis: a magnetic resonance indicator for necrotizing fasciitis (MRINEC) algorithm. J Clin Med. 2020;9:3040.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Oi M, Maruhashi T, Asari Y. Efficacy of near-infrared spectroscopy in diagnosing skin and soft tissue infections: a single-center retrospective study. Acute Med Surg. 2025;12:e70041.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Saiko G, Lombardi P, Au Y, et al. Hyperspectral imaging in wound care: a systematic review. Int Wound J. 2020;17:1840–56.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Daeschlein G, Langner I, Wild T, et al. Hyperspectral imaging as a novel diagnostic tool in microcirculation of wounds. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2017;67:467–74.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ramirez-Garcia Luna JL, Martinez-Jimenez MA, Fraser RDJ, et al. Is my wound infected? A study on the use of hyperspectral imaging to assess wound infection. Front Med. 2023;10:1165281.

Article  Google Scholar 

Knieling F, Lee S, Ntziachristos V. A primer on current status and future opportunities of clinical optoacoustic imaging. npj Imaging. 2025;3:4.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sattler E, Kästle R, Welzel J. Optical coherence tomography in dermatology. J Biomed Opt. 2013;18:061224.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Welzel J. Optical coherence tomography in dermatology: a review. Skin Res Technol. 2001;7:1–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yeap PM, Wong SBS. Imaging of cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, soft tissue abscess and pyomyositis. In: Peh WCG, Ladeb MF, editors. Imaging of appendicular musculoskeletal infections. Cham: Springer; 2025. p. 161–74.

Chapter  Google Scholar 

Ko LN, Garza-Mayers AC, St John J, et al. Clinical usefulness of imaging and blood cultures in cellulitis evaluation. JAMA Intern Med. 2018;178:994.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar