Ong, K. L. et al. Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet 402, 203–234 (2023).
Sundström, J. et al. Prevalence, outcomes, and cost of chronic kidney disease in a contemporary population of 2·4 million patients from 11 countries: the CaReMe CKD study. Lancet Reg. Health Eur. 20, 100438 (2022).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Boffa, J. J. et al. Angiotensin II activates collagen type I gene in the renal vasculature of transgenic mice during inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis: evidence for an endothelin-mediated mechanism. Circulation 100, 1901–1908 (1999).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Cho, J. J. et al. An oral endothelin-A receptor antagonist blocks collagen synthesis and deposition in advanced rat liver fibrosis. Gastroenterology 118, 1169–1178 (2000).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Li, L., Fu, H. & Liu, Y. The fibrogenic niche in kidney fibrosis: components and mechanisms. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 18, 545–557 (2022).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Klingberg, F., Hinz, B. & White, E. S. The myofibroblast matrix: implications for tissue repair and fibrosis. J. Pathol. 229, 298–309 (2013).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Tanaka, S., Portilla, D. & Okusa, M. D. Role of perivascular cells in kidney homeostasis, inflammation, repair and fibrosis. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 19, 721–732 (2023).
Huang, R., Fu, P. & Ma, L. Kidney fibrosis: from mechanisms to therapeutic medicines. Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther. 8, 1–20 (2023).
Kuppe, C. et al. Decoding myofibroblast origins in human kidney fibrosis. Nature 589, 281–286 (2021).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Cohen, C. et al. WNT-dependent interaction between inflammatory fibroblasts and FOLR2+ macrophages promotes fibrosis in chronic kidney disease. Nat. Commun. 15, 743 (2024).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Wu, L. et al. Peritubular capillary dysfunction and renal tubular epithelial cell stress following lipopolysaccharide administration in mice. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 292, F261–F268 (2007).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Schrimpf, C., Teebken, O. E., Wilhelmi, M. & Duffield, J. S. The role of pericyte detachment in vascular rarefaction. J. Vasc. Res. 51, 247–258 (2014).
Ferenbach, D. A. & Bonventre, J. V. Mechanisms of maladaptive repair after AKI leading to accelerated kidney ageing and CKD. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 11, 264–276 (2015).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Moretti, L., Stalfort, J., Barker, T. H. & Abebayehu, D. The interplay of fibroblasts, the extracellular matrix, and inflammation in scar formation. J. Biol. Chem. 298, 101530 (2022).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Tecklenborg, J., Clayton, D., Siebert, S. & Coley, S. M. The role of the immune system in kidney disease. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 192, 142 (2018).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Roumeliotis, S., Mallamaci, F. & Zoccali, C. Endothelial dysfunction in chronic kidney disease, from biology to clinical outcomes: a 2020 update. J. Clin. Med. 9, 2359 (2020).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Cao, Q., Harris, D. C. H. & Wang, Y. Macrophages in kidney injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. Physiol. Bethesda Md. 30, 183–194 (2015).
Henderson, N. C. et al. Galectin-3 expression and secretion links macrophages to the promotion of renal fibrosis. Am. J. Pathol. 172, 288–298 (2008).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ryu, S. et al. Siglec-F-expressing neutrophils are essential for creating a profibrotic microenvironment in renal fibrosis. J. Clin. Invest. 132, e156876 (2022).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Shen, B., Liu, X., Fan, Y. & Qiu, J. Macrophages regulate renal fibrosis through modulating TGFβ superfamily signaling. Inflammation 37, 2076–2084 (2014).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Pardo, A. et al. Increase of lung neutrophils in hypersensitivity pneumonitis is associated with lung fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 161, 1698–1704 (2000).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Duffield, J. S. et al. Selective depletion of macrophages reveals distinct, opposing roles during liver injury and repair. J. Clin. Invest. 115, 56–65 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Gebru, Y. A. et al. T cell subsets and natural killer cells in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22, 12190 (2021).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Burfeind, K. G., Funahashi, Y., Munhall, A. C., Eiwaz, M. & Hutchens, M. P. Natural killer lymphocytes mediate renal fibrosis due to acute cardiorenal syndrome. Kidney360 5, 8–21 (2024).
Bonner, J. C. Regulation of PDGF and its receptors in fibrotic diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 15, 255–273 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Biernacka, A., Dobaczewski, M. & Frangogiannis, N. G. TGF-β signaling in fibrosis. Growth Factors 29, 196–202 (2011).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Beljaars, L., Daliri, S., Dijkhuizen, C., Poelstra, K. & Gosens, R. WNT-5A regulates TGF-β-related activities in liver fibrosis. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 312, G219–G227 (2017).
Liu, J., Wang, F. & Luo, F. The role of JAK/STAT pathway in fibrotic diseases: molecular and cellular mechanisms. Biomolecules 13, 119 (2023).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Contreras, O. et al. Cross-talk between TGF-β and PDGFRα signaling pathways regulates the fate of stromal fibro-adipogenic progenitors. J. Cell Sci. 132, jcs232157 (2019).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Sun, Y., Zhang, Y. & Chi, P. Pirfenidone suppresses TGF-β1-induced human intestinal fibroblasts activities by regulating proliferation and apoptosis via the inhibition of the Smad and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Mol. Med. Rep. 18, 3907–3913 (2018).
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Morimoto, Y. et al. TNF-ɑ deficiency accelerates renal tubular interstitial fibrosis in the late stage of ureteral obstruction. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 85, 207–213 (2008).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Widjaja, A. A. et al. Targeting endogenous kidney regeneration using anti-IL11 therapy in acute and chronic models of kidney disease. Nat. Commun. 13, 7497 (2022).
Comments (0)