Siegel, R. L., Miller, K. D., Fuchs, H. E. & Jemal, A. Cancer statistics, 2022. CA Cancer J. Clin. 72, 7–33 (2022).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bill-Axelson, A. et al. Radical prostatectomy or watchful waiting in early prostate cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 370, 932–942 (2014).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dearnaley, D. P. et al. Escalated-dose versus standard-dose conformal radiotherapy in prostate cancer: first results from the MRC RT01 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 8, 475–487 (2007).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Loblaw, D. A. et al. Initial hormonal management of androgen-sensitive metastatic, recurrent, or progressive prostate cancer: 2006 update of an American Society of Clinical Oncology practice guideline. J. Clin. Oncol. 25, 1596–1605 (2007).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sartor, O. et al. Effect of radium-223 dichloride on symptomatic skeletal events in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer and bone metastases: results from a phase 3, double-blind, randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 15, 738–46 (2014).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Petrylak, D. P. et al. Docetaxel and estramustine compared with mitoxantrone and prednisone for advanced refractory prostate cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 351, 1513–1520 (2004).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Beer T. M. et al. Enzalutamide in metastatic prostate cancer before chemotherapy. J. Clin. Oncol. 37, 2974–2986 (2019).

Google Scholar 

de Bono, J. S. et al. Abiraterone and increased survival in metastatic prostate cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 364, 1995–2005 (2011).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Clark, R., Vesprini, D. & Narod, S. A. The effect of age on prostate cancer survival. Cancers 14, 4149 (2022).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sturgeon, K. M. et al. A population-based study of cardiovascular disease mortality risk in US cancer patients. Eur. Heart J. 40, 3889–3897 (2019).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Epstein, M. M., Edgren, G., Rider, J. R., Mucci, L. A. & Adami, H.-O. Temporal trends in cause of death among Swedish and US men with prostate cancer. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 104, 1335–1342 (2012).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Van Hemelrijck, M. et al. Absolute and relative risk of cardiovascular disease in men with prostate cancer: results from the population-based PCBaSe Sweden. J. Clin. Oncol. 28, 3448–3456 (2010).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leong, D. P. et al. Cardiovascular risk in men with prostate cancer: insights from the RADICAL PC Study. J. Urol. 203, 1109–1111 (2020).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wilk, M., Waśko-Grabowska, A. & Szmit, S. Cardiovascular complications of prostate cancer treatment. Front. Pharmacol. 11, 555475 (2020).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rawla, P. Epidemiology of prostate cancer. World J. Oncol. 10, 63–89 (2019).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schoormans, D. et al. Incidence of cardiovascular disease up to 13 year after cancer diagnosis: a matched cohort study among 32 757 cancer survivors. Cancer Med. 7, 4952–4963 (2018).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang, X. et al. Ten-year cardiovascular risk among cancer survivors: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. PLoS ONE 16, e0247919 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Marques, P. et al. Physiology of GnRH and gonadotrophin secretion. Endotext [Internet] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279070/ (updated 15 October 2024).

Keating, N. L., O’Malley, A. J., Freedland, S. J. & Smith, M. R. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease during androgen deprivation therapy: observational study of veterans with prostate cancer. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 102, 39–46 (2010).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Saigal, C. S. et al. Androgen deprivation therapy increases cardiovascular morbidity in men with prostate cancer. Cancer 110, 1493–1500 (2007).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tsai, H. K., D’Amico, A. V., Sadetsky, N., Chen, M.-H. & Carroll, P. R. Androgen deprivation therapy for localized prostate cancer and the risk of cardiovascular mortality. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 99, 1516–1524 (2007).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Levine, G. N. et al. Androgen-deprivation therapy in prostate cancer and cardiovascular risk: a science advisory from the American Heart Association, American Cancer Society, and American Urological Association: endorsed by the American Society for Radiation Oncology. Circulation 121, 833–840 (2010).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Research Center for Drug Evaluation. FDA drug safety communication: update to ongoing safety review of GnRH agonists and notification to manufacturers of GnRH agonists to add new safety information to labeling regarding increased risk of diabetes and certain cardiovascular diseases (FDA, 2017).

Smith, M. R., Klotz, L., Persson, B.-E., Olesen, T. K. & Wilde, A. A. M. Cardiovascular safety of degarelix: results from a 12-month, comparative, randomized, open label, parallel group phase III trial in patients with prostate cancer. J. Urol. 184, 2313–2319 (2010).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Butler, S. S. et al. Risk of cardiovascular mortality with androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer: a secondary analysis of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Randomized Controlled Trial. Cancer 127, 2213–2221 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim, D. K. et al. Does androgen-deprivation therapy increase the risk of ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in patients with prostate cancer? A nationwide population-based cohort study. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 147, 1217–1226 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nguyen, P. L. et al. Association of androgen deprivation therapy with cardiovascular death in patients with prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA 306, 2359–2366 (2011).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Holmes, J. A. et al. Cardiovascular preventive care and coordination of care in prostate cancer survivors: a multi-institutional prospective study. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 103, 112–115 (2019).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Saylor, P. J. & Fogerty, A. E. Prostate-cancer-associated hypercoagulability: do we need to worry about androgen deprivation? Lancet Oncol. 11, 406–407 (2010).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smith, M. R. et al. Metabolic changes during gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist therapy for prostate cancer. Cancer 112, 2188–2194 (2008).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smith, M. R., Lee, H. & Nathan, D. M. Insulin sensitivity during combined androgen blockade for prostate cancer. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 91, 1305–1308 (2006).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cannon, J. G., Kraj, B. & Sloan, G. Follicle-stimulating hormone promotes RANK expression on human monocytes. Cytokine 53, 141–144 (2011).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smith, J. C. et al. The effects of induced hypogonadism on arterial stiffness, body composition, and metabolic parameters in males with prostate cancer. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86, 4261–4267 (2001).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar