Lohela M, Bry M, Tammela T, Alitalo K. VEGFs and receptors involved in angiogenesis versus lymphangiogenesis. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2009;21(2):154–65.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Senger DR, Galli SJ, Dvorak AM, Perruzzi CA, Harvey VS, Dvorak HF. Tumor cells secrete a vascular permeability factor that promotes accumulation of ascites fluid. Science. 1983;219(4587):983–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ferrara N, Henzel WJ. Pituitary follicular cells secrete a novel heparin-binding growth factor specific for vascular endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989;161(2):851–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maglione D, Guerriero V, Viglietto G, Delli-Bovi P, Persico MG. Isolation of a human placenta cDNA coding for a protein related to the vascular permeability factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991;88(20):9267–71.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Olofsson B, Pajusola K, Kaipainen A, von Euler G, Joukov V, Saksela O, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor B, a novel growth factor for endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93(6):2576–81.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Joukov V, Pajusola K, Kaipainen A, Chilov D, Lahtinen I, Kukk E, et al. A novel vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF-C, is a ligand for the Flt4 (VEGFR-3) and KDR (VEGFR-2) receptor tyrosine kinases. EMBO J. 1996;15(2):290–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Orlandini M, Marconcini L, Ferruzzi R, Oliviero S. Identification of a c-fos-induced gene that is related to the platelet-derived growth factor/vascular endothelial growth factor family. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93(21):11675–80.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Achen MG, Jeltsch M, Kukk E, Mäkinen T, Vitali A, Wilks AF, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor D (VEGF-D) is a ligand for the tyrosine kinases VEGF receptor 2 (Flk1) and VEGF receptor 3 (Flt4). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95(2):548–53.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Joukov V, Sorsa T, Kumar V, Jeltsch M, Claesson-Welsh L, Cao Y, et al. Proteolytic processing regulates receptor specificity and activity of VEGF-C. EMBO J. 1997;16(13):3898–911.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Meyer M, Clauss M, Lepple-Wienhues A, Waltenberger J, Augustin HG, Ziche M, et al. A novel vascular endothelial growth factor encoded by Orf virus, VEGF-E, mediates angiogenesis via signalling through VEGFR-2 (KDR) but not VEGFR-1 (Flt-1) receptor tyrosine kinases. EMBO J. 1999;18(2):363–74.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lyttle DJ, Fraser KM, Fleming SB, Mercer AA, Robinson AJ. Homologs of vascular endothelial growth factor are encoded by the poxvirus Orf virus. J Virol. 1994;68(1):84–92.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ueda N, Wise LM, Stacker SA, Fleming SB, Mercer AA. Pseudocowpox virus encodes a homolog of vascular endothelial growth factor. Virology. 2003;305(2):298–309.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yamazaki Y, Takani K, Atoda H, Morita T. Snake venom vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) exhibit potent activity through their specific recognition of KDR (VEGF receptor 2)*. J Biol Chem. 2003;278(52):51985–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Komori Y, Nikai T, Taniguchi K, Masuda K, Sugihara H. Vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF-like heparin-binding protein from the venom of Vipera aspis aspis (Aspic viper). Biochemistry. 1999;38(36):11796–803.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ferreira IG, Pucca MB, Oliveira ISd, Cerni FA, Jacob BdCdS, Arantes EC. Snake venom vascular endothelial growth factors (svVEGFs): unravelling their molecular structure functions and research potential. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2021;60:133–43.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rauniyar K, Bokharaie H, Jeltsch M. Expansion and collapse of VEGF diversity in major clades of the animal kingdom. Angiogenesis. 2023;26(3):437–61.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Holmes DI, Zachary I. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family: angiogenic factors in health and disease. Genome Biol. 2005;6(2):209.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Baldwin ME, Roufail S, Halford MM, Alitalo K, Stacker SA, Achen MG. Multiple forms of mouse vascular endothelial growth factor-D are generated by RNA splicing and proteolysis. J Biol Chem. 2001;276(47):44307–14.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Künnapuu J, Bokharaie H, Jeltsch M. Proteolytic cleavages in the VEGF family: generating diversity among angiogenic VEGFs, essential for the activation of lymphangiogenic VEGFs. Biology (Basel). 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10020167.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dehghanian F, Hojati Z, Kay M. New insights into VEGF-A alternative splicing: key regulatory switching in the pathological process. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol. 2014;6(4):192–9.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stacker SA, Stenvers K, Caesar C, Vitali A, Domagala T, Nice E, et al. Biosynthesis of vascular endothelial growth factor-D involves proteolytic processing which generates non-covalent homodimers. J Biol Chem. 1999;274(45):32127–36.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Muller YA, Li B, Christinger HW, Wells JA, Cunningham BC, de Vos AM. Vascular endothelial growth factor: crystal structure and functional mapping of the kinase domain receptor binding site. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94(14):7192–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

DiSalvo J, Bayne ML, Conn G, Kwok PW, Trivedi PG, Soderman DD, et al. Purification and characterization of a naturally occurring vascular endothelial growth factor. Placenta growth factor heterodimer. J Biol Chem. 1995;270(13):7717–23.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Olofsson B, Jeltsch M, Eriksson U, Alitalo K. Current biology of VEGF-B and VEGF-C. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 1999;10(6):528–35.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McDonald NQ, Hendrickson WA. A structural superfamily of growth factors containing a cystine knot motif. Cell. 1993;73(3):421–4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leppänen V-M, Jeltsch M, Anisimov A, Tvorogov D, Aho K, Kalkkinen N, et al. Structural determinants of vascular endothelial growth factor-D receptor binding and specificity. Blood. 2011;117(5):1507–15.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Olsson A-K, Dimberg A, Kreuger J, Claesson-Welsh L. VEGF receptor signalling—in control of vascular function. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2006;7(5):359–71.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Toivanen PI, Nieminen T, Viitanen L, Alitalo A, Roschier M, Jauhiainen S, et al. Novel vascular endothelial growth factor D variants with increased biological activity. J Biol Chem. 2009;284(23):16037–48.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Anisimov A, Alitalo A, Korpisalo P, Soronen J, Kaijalainen S, Leppänen VM, et al. Activated forms of VEGF-C and VEGF-D provide improved vascular function in skeletal muscle. Circ Res. 2009;104(11):1302–12.

Article