Hyuna S, Jacques F, Rebecca LS, Mathieu L, Isabelle S, Ahmedin J, Freddie B. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71:209.

Google Scholar 

Ally A, Balasundaram M, Carlsen R, Chuah E, Clarke A, Dhalla N, Holt RA, Jones S, Lee D, Ma Y, et al. Comprehensive and Integrative Genomic Characterization of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cell. 2017;169:1327–1341.e1323.

Google Scholar 

Hlady RA, Robertson KD. Genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity in normal liver homeostasis and its implications for liver disease and hepatocellular cancer. Semin Liver Dis. 2018;38:41–50.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Llovet JM, Montal R, Sia D, Finn RS. Molecular therapies and precision medicine for hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2018;15:599–616.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sohum M, Jin Z. Liquid-liquid phase separation drives cellular function and dysfunction in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2022;22:239–52.

Google Scholar 

Jeong-Mo C, Alex SH, Rohit VP. Physical principles underlying the complex biology of intracellular phase transitions. Annu Rev Biophys. 2020;49:107.

Google Scholar 

Hnisz D, Shrinivas K, Young R, Chakraborty A, Sharp P. A phase separation model for transcriptional control. Cell. 2017;169:13–23.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bouchard J, Otero J, Scott D, Szulc E, Martin E, Sabri N, Granata D, Marzahn M, Lindorff-Larsen K, Salvatella X, et al. Cancer mutations of the tumor suppressor SPOP disrupt the formation of active. Phase-Separated Compartments Molecular cell. 2018;72:19-36.e18.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Trojanowski J, Frank L, Rademacher A, Mücke N, Grigaitis P, Rippe K. Transcription activation is enhanced by multivalent interactions independent of phase separation. Mol Cell. 2022;82:1878-1893.e1810.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boija A, Klein I, Sabari B, Dall’Agnese A, Coffey E, Zamudio A, Li C, Shrinivas K, Manteiga J, Hannett N, et al. Transcription factors activate genes through the phase-separation capacity of their activation domains. Cell. 2018;175:1842-1855.e1816.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang H, Shao S, Zeng Y, Wang X, Qin Y, Ren Q, Xiang S, Wang Y, Xiao J, Sun Y. Reversible phase separation of HSF1 is required for an acute transcriptional response during heat shock. Nat Cell Biol. 2022;24:340–52.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu J, Chen Y, Nong B, Luo X, Cui K, Li Z, Zhang P, Tan W, Yang Y, Ma W, et al. CRISPR-assisted transcription activation by phase-separation proteins. Protein Cell. 2023;14:874–87.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu Q, Li J, Zhang W, Xiao C, Zhang S, Nian C, Li J, Su D, Chen L, Zhao Q, et al. Glycogen accumulation and phase separation drives liver tumor initiation. Cell. 2021;184:5559-5576.e5519.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Laoukili J, Kooistra MR, Brás A, Kauw J, Kerkhoven RM, Morrison A, Clevers H, Medema RH. FoxM1 is required for execution of the mitotic programme and chromosome stability. Nat Cell Biol. 2005;7:126–36.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hannenhalli S, Kaestner KH. The evolution of Fox genes and their role in development and disease. Nat Rev Genet. 2009;10:233–40.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bella L, Zona S, Nestal de Moraes G, Lam EW. FOXM1: a key oncofoetal transcription factor in health and disease. Semin Cancer Biol. 2014;29:32–9.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Weiler SME, Pinna F, Wolf T, Lutz T, Geldiyev A, Sticht C, Knaub M, Thomann S, Bissinger M, Wan S, et al. Induction of chromosome instability by activation of yes-associated protein and forkhead box M1 in liver cancer. Gastroenterology. 2017;152:2037-2051.e2022.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chai N, Xie HH, Yin JP, Sa KD, Guo Y, Wang M, Liu J, Zhang XF, Zhang X, Yin H, et al. FOXM1 promotes proliferation in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells by transcriptional activation of CCNB1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2018;500:924–9.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu J, Li J, Wang K, Liu H, Sun J, Zhao X, Yu Y, Qiao Y, Wu Y, Zhang X, et al. Aberrantly high activation of a FoxM1-STMN1 axis contributes to progression and tumorigenesis in FoxM1-driven cancers. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021;6:42.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bond J, Roberts E, Mochida GH, Hampshire DJ, Scott S, Askham JM, Springell K, Mahadevan M, Crow YJ, Markham AF, et al. ASPM is a major determinant of cerebral cortical size. Nat Genet. 2002;32:316–20.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bond J, Scott S, Hampshire D, Springell K, Corry P, Abramowicz M, Mochida G, Hennekam R, Maher E, Fryns J, et al. Protein-truncating mutations in ASPM cause variable reduction in brain size. Am J Hum Genet. 2003;73:1170–7.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wu X, Xu S, Wang P, Wang ZQ, Chen H, Xu X, Peng B. ASPM promotes ATR-CHK1 activation and stabilizes stalled replication forks in response to replication stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022;119: e2203783119.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lin S, Pan H, Liu S, Jeng Y, Hu F, Peng S, Lai P, Hsu H. ASPM is a novel marker for vascular invasion, early recurrence, and poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14:4814–20.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hsu CC, Liao WY, Chang KY, Chan TS, Huang PJ, Chiang CT, Shan YS, Cheng LH, Liao TY, Tsai KK. A multi-mode Wnt- and stemness-regulatory module dictated by FOXM1 and ASPM isoform I in gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer. 2021;24:624–39.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang WY, Hsu CC, Wang TY, Li CR, Hou YC, Chu JM, Lee CT, Liu MS, Su JJ, Jian KY, et al. A gene expression signature of epithelial tubulogenesis and a role for ASPM in pancreatic tumor progression. Gastroenterology. 2013;145:1110–20.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pai VC, Hsu CC, Chan TS, Liao WY, Chuu CP, Chen WY, Li CR, Lin CY, Huang SP, Chen LT, Tsai KK. ASPM promotes prostate cancer stemness and progression by augmenting Wnt-Dvl-3-β-catenin signaling. Oncogene. 2019;38:1340–53.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zeng WJ, Cheng Q, Wen ZP, Wang JY, Chen YH, Zhao J, Gong ZC, Chen XP. Aberrant ASPM expression mediated by transcriptional regulation of FoxM1 promotes the progression of gliomas. J Cell Mol Med. 2020;24:9613–26.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hsu CC, Liao WY, Chan TS, Chen WY, Lee CT, Shan YS, Huang PJ, Hou YC, Li CR, Tsai KK. The differential distributions of ASPM isoforms and their roles in Wnt signaling, cell cycle progression, and pancreatic cancer prognosis. J Pathol. 2019;249:498–508.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liao WY, Hsu CC, Chan TS, Yen CJ, Chen WY, Pan HW, Tsai KK. Dishevelled 1-regulated superpotent cancer stem cells mediate Wnt heterogeneity and tumor progression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Stem Cell Rep. 2020;14:462–77.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Bernhofer M, Goldberg T, Wolf S, Ahmed M, Zaugg J, Boden M, Rost B. NLSdb-major update for database of nuclear localization signals and nuclear export signals. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018;46:D503-d508.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fu Z, Malureanu L, Huang J, Wang W, Li H, van Deursen J, Tindall D, Chen J. Plk1-dependent phosphorylation of FoxM1 regulates a transcriptional programme required for mitotic progression. Nat Cell Biol. 2008;10:1076–82.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Anders L, Ke N, Hydbring P, Choi Y, Widlund H, Chick J, Zhai H, Vidal M, Gygi S, Braun P, Sicinski P. A systematic screen for CDK4/6 substrates links FOXM1 phosphorylation to senescence suppression in cancer cells. Cancer Cell. 2011;20:620–34.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lafontaine D, Riback J, Bascetin R, Brangwynne C. The nucleolus as a multiphase liquid condensate. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021;22:165–82.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ahn J, Davis E, Daugird T, Zhao S, Quiroga I, Uryu H, Li J, Storey A, Tsai Y, Keeley D, et al. Phase separation drives aberrant chromatin looping and cancer development. Nature. 2021;595:591–5.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xie Z, Janczyk P, Zhang Y, Liu A, Shi X, Singh S, Facemire L, Kubow K, Li Z, Jia Y, et al. A cytoskeleton regulator AVIL drives tumorigenesis in glioblastoma. Nat Commun. 2020;11:3457.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen Z, Hou C, Wang L, Yu C, Chen T, Shen B, Hou Y, Li P, Li T. Screening membraneless organelle participants with machine-learning models that integrate multimodal features. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2022;119: e2115369119.