Suni E. Insomnia: symptoms, causes, and treatments. In: Sleep foundation. 2018. https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia). Accessed 22 Jan 2025

Buysse DJ, Thompson W, Scott J, Franzen PL, Germain A, Hall M, Moul DE, Nofzinger EA, Kupfer DJ. Daytime symptoms in primary insomnia: a prospective analysis using ecological momentary assessment. Sleep Med. 2007;8:198–208.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bhaskar S, Hemavathy D, Prasad S. Prevalence of chronic insomnia in adult patients and its correlation with medical comorbidities. J Family Med Prim Care. 2016;5:780–4.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brewster GS, Riegel B, Gehrman PR. Insomnia in the older adult. Sleep Med Clin. 2018;13:13–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bombois S, Derambure P, Pasquier F, Monaca C. Sleep disorders in aging and dementia. J Nutr Health Aging. 2010;14:212–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stepnowsky CJ, Ancoli-Israel S. Sleep and its disorders in seniors. Sleep Med Clin. 2008;3:281–93.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Javaheri S, Redline S. Insomnia and risk of cardiovascular disease. Chest. 2017;152:435–44.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Duan D, Kim LJ, Jun JC, Polotsky VY. Connecting insufficient sleep and insomnia with metabolic dysfunction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2023;1519:94–117.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Bergeyck R, Geoffroy PA. Insomnia in neurological disorders: prevalence, mechanisms, impact and treatment approaches. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2023;179:767–81.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang L, Lu Q, Chang C. Epigenetics in health and disease. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2020;1253:3–55.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu C, Chung M. Genetics and epigenetics of circadian rhythms and their potential roles in neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurosci Bull. 2015;31:141–59.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Palagini L, Geoffroy PA, Gehrman PR, Miniati M, Gemignani A, Riemann D. Potential genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in insomnia: a systematic review. J Sleep Res. 2023;32:e13868.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sammallahti S, Koopman-Verhoeff ME, Binter A-C, et al. Longitudinal associations of DNA methylation and sleep in children: a meta-analysis. Clin Epigenetics. 2022;14:83.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Takahashi JS. Transcriptional architecture of the mammalian circadian clock. Nat Rev Genet. 2017;18:164–79.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Atayik MC, Çakatay U. Melatonin-related signaling pathways and their regulatory effects in aging organisms. Biogerontology. 2022;23:529–39.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Linowiecka K, Slominski AT, Reiter RJ, Böhm M, Steinbrink K, Paus R, Kleszczyński K. Melatonin: a potential regulator of DNA methylation. Antioxidants (Basel). 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061155

Martínez-Magaña JJ, Hurtado-Soriano J, Rivero-Segura NA, Montalvo-Ortiz JL, Garcia-delaTorre P, Becerril-Rojas K, Gomez-Verjan JC. Towards a novel frontier in the use of epigenetic clocks in epidemiology. Arch Med Res. 2024;55:103033.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Horvath S. DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types. Genome Biol. 2013;14:R115.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kusters CDJ, Klopack ET, Crimmins EM, Seeman TE, Cole S, Carroll JE. Short sleep and insomnia are associated with accelerated epigenetic age. Psychosom Med. 2024;86:453–62.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee H-S, Kim B, Park T. The association between sleep quality and accelerated epigenetic aging with metabolic syndrome in Korean adults. Clin Epigenetics. 2024;16:92.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sánchez-García S, García-Peña C, Salvà A, Sánchez-Arenas R, Granados-García V, Cuadros-Moreno J, Velázquez-Olmedo LB, Cárdenas-Bahena, Á. Frailty in community-dwelling older adults: association with adverse outcomes. Clin Interv Aging. 2017; 12:1003–1011

Moreno-Tamayo K, Manrique-Espinoza B, Guerrero-Zúñiga S, Ramírez-García E, Sánchez-García S. Sex differences in the association between risk of obstructive sleep apnea, insomnia, and frailty in older adults. Nat Sci Sleep. 2021;13:1461–72.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Triche TJ Jr, Weisenberger DJ, Van Den Berg D, Laird PW, Siegmund KD. Low-level processing of Illumina Infinium DNA methylation BeadArrays. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013;41:e90.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hansen KD, Aryee M, Irizarry RA, Jaffe AE, Maksimovic J, Houseman EA, Fortin J-P, Triche T, Andrews SV.  minfi. 2017. https://doi.org/10.18129/B9.BIOC.MINFI

Lu AT, Binder AM, Zhang J, et al. DNA methylation GrimAge version 2. Aging (Albany NY). 2022;14:9484–549.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain Bioinformatics Research Group (2024) Chronological and gestational DNAm age estimation using different methylation-based clocks. https://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/vignettes/methylclock/inst/doc/methylclock.html. Accessed 24 Jan 2025

Belsky DW, Caspi A, Corcoran DL, et al. DunedinPACE, a DNA methylation biomarker of the pace of aging. Elife. 2022. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.73420.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lu AT, Quach A, Wilson JG, et al. DNA methylation GrimAge strongly predicts lifespan and healthspan. Aging (Albany NY). 2019;11:303–27.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

HorvathWeb page: https://labs.genetics.ucla.edu/horvath/dnamage/. Accessed 23 Jan 2025

Ritchie ME, Phipson B, Wu D, Hu Y, Law CW, Shi W, Smyth GK. “limma powers differential expression analyses for RNA-sequencing and microarray studies. Nucleic Acids Res. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkv007.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Maksimovic J, Oshlack A, Phipson B.  Gene set enrichment analysis for genome-wide DNA methylation data. 2020. bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.24.265702

Campagna MP, Xavier A, Lechner-Scott J, Maltby V, Scott RJ, Butzkueven H, Jokubaitis VG, Lea RA. Epigenome-wide association studies: current knowledge, strategies and recommendations. Clin Epigenetics. 2021;13:214.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kawaratani H, Miyaaki H, Hiraoka A, Nakao K, Hiasa Y, Yoshiji H, Okita K, Koike K. The usefulness of the Athens insomnia scale for evaluating sleep disturbance in patients with chronic liver disease comparing with Pittsburgh sleep quality index and Epworth sleepiness scale. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022;58:741.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Horvath S, Oshima J, Martin GM, et al. Epigenetic clock for skin and blood cells applied to Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome and studies. Aging (Albany NY). 2018;10:1758–75.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lu AT, Seeboth A, Tsai P-C, et al. DNA methylation-based estimator of telomere length. Aging (Albany NY). 2019;11:5895–923.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang D, Day EA, Townsend LK, Djordjevic D, Jørgensen SB, Steinberg GR. GDF15: emerging biology and therapeutic applications for obesity and cardiometabolic disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2021;17:592–607.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tempaku PF, Mazzotti DR, Tufik S. Telomere length as a marker of sleep loss and sleep disturbances: a potential link between sleep and cellular senescence. Sleep Med. 2015;16:559–63.

Article  PubMed