Sabuncu T, Sonmez A, Eren MA, Sahin I, Çorapçioğlu D, Üçler R, et al. Characteristics of patients with hypertension in a population with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Results from the Turkish Nationwide SurvEy of Glycemic and other metabolic parameters of patients with diabetes Mellitus (TEMD Hypertension Study). Prim Care Diabetes. 2021;15:332–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Association AD. 1. Improving care and promoting health in populations: standards of medical care in diabetes—2020. Diabetes Care. 2020;43:S7-S13.

Care D. Medical care in diabetes 2020. Diabetes Care. 2020;43:S135.

Google Scholar 

Saeedi P, Petersohn I, Salpea P, Malanda B, Karuranga S, Unwin N, et al. Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2019;157:107843.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Federation ID. IDF diabetes atlas, tenth. International Diabetes. 2021.

Saeedi P, Salpea P, Karuranga S, Petersohn I, Malanda B, Gregg EW et al. Mortality attributable to diabetes in 20–79 years old adults, 2019 estimates: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas. Diabetes research and clinical practice. 2020;162:108086.

Chong KS, Chang Y-H, Yang C-T, Chou C-K, Ou HT, Kuo S. Longitudinal economic burden of incident complications among metabolic syndrome populations. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23:246.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Crasto W, Patel V, Davies MJ, Khunti K. Prevention of microvascular complications of diabetes. Endocrinol Metabolism Clin. 2021;50:431–55.

Article  Google Scholar 

Chen H-Y, Kuo S, Su P-F, Wu J-S, Ou H-T. Health care costs associated with macrovascular, microvascular, and metabolic complications of type 2 diabetes across time: estimates from a population-based cohort of more than 0.8 million individuals with up to 15 years of follow-up. Diabetes Care. 2020;43:1732–40.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Visaria J, Iyer NN, Raval AD, Kong SX, Hobbs T, Bouchard J et al. Healthcare costs of diabetes and microvascular and macrovascular disease in individuals with incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: a ten-year longitudinal study. ClinicoEconomics Outcomes Res. 2020:423–34.

Mansour A, Mousa M, Abdelmannan D, Tay G, Hassoun A, Alsafar H. Microvascular and macrovascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Exome wide association analyses. Front Endocrinol. 2023;14:1143067.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sartore G, Ragazzi E, Caprino R, Lapolla A. Long-term HbA1c variability and macro-/micro-vascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis update. Acta Diabetol. 2023;60:721–38.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Meir J, Huang L, Mahmood S, Whiteson H, Cohen S, Aronow WS. The vascular complications of diabetes: a review of their management, pathogenesis, and prevention. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metabolism. 2024;19:11–20.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lu Y, Wang W, Liu J, Xie M, Liu Q, Li S. Vascular complications of diabetes: a narrative review. Medicine. 2023;102:e35285.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Arnold SV, Khunti K, Tang F, Chen H, Cid-Ruzafa J, Cooper A, et al. Incidence rates and predictors of microvascular and macrovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes: results from the longitudinal global discover study. Am Heart J. 2022;243:232–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aikaeli F, Njim T, Gissing S, Moyo F, Alam U, Mfinanga SG, et al. Prevalence of microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes in low-and-middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS Global Public Health. 2022;2:e0000599.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kosiborod M, Gomes MB, Nicolucci A, Pocock S, Rathmann W, Shestakova MV, et al. Vascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes: prevalence and associated factors in 38 countries (the DISCOVER study program). Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018;17:1–13.

Article  Google Scholar 

An J, Nichols GA, Qian L, Munis MA, Harrison TN, Li Z, et al. Prevalence and incidence of microvascular and macrovascular complications over 15 years among patients with incident type 2 diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2021;9:e001847.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bonora E, Trombetta M, Dauriz M, Travia D, Cacciatori V, Brangani C, et al. Chronic complications in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: prevalence and related metabolic and clinical features: the Verona newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes study (VNDS) 9. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2020;8:e001549.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Arnold SV, Khunti K, Tang F, Chen H, Nicolucci A, Gomes MB et al. Impact of micro-and macrovascular complications of type 2 diabetes on quality of life: Insights from the DISCOVER prospective cohort study. Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism. 2022;5:e00321.

Wen X, Zhou X, Chen D, Cheng J, Ji L. Association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and diabetes-related microvascular complications: a retrospective cross-sectional study of hospitalized patients. Endocr Pract. 2022;28:304–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pham TB, Nguyen TT, Truong HT, Trinh CH, Du HNT, Ngo TT, et al. Effects of diabetic complications on health-related quality of life impairment in Vietnamese patients with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Res. 2020;2020:4360804.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

He S, Qian X, Chen Y, Shen X, Zhang B, Chen X, et al. Risk of death and heart failure among patients with type 2 diabetes treated by Metformin and Nonmetformin Monotherapy: a real-world study. J Diabetes Res. 2021;2021:5534387.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang B, Cao Y, Qu Z, Sun Y, Tian X. The impact of metformin on mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study. Endocrine. 2024:1–8.

Sun M, Lu Z, Chen WM, Lv S, Fu N, Yang Y et al. Metformin monotherapy versus predominantly older non-metformin antidiabetic medications for cerebrovascular risk in early type 2 diabetes management. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2024;26:3914-25.

Bailey CJ, Metformin. Therapeutic profile in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metabolism. 2024;26:3–19.

Article  Google Scholar 

Vieira IH, Barros LM, Baptista CF, Rodrigues DM, Paiva IM. Recommendations for practical use of metformin, a central pharmacological therapy in type 2 diabetes. Clin Diabetes. 2022;40:97–107.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Association AD. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2022 abridged for primary care providers. Clin Diabetes. 2022;40:10–38.

Article  Google Scholar 

Goyal A, Gupta Y, Singla R, Kalra S, Tandon N. American diabetes association standards of medical care—2020 for gestational diabetes mellitus: a critical Appraisal. Diabetes Therapy. 2020;11:1639–44.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Qaseem A, Barry MJ, Humphrey LL, Forciea MA, Physicians* CGCotACo. Oral pharmacologic treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a clinical practice guideline update from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166:279–90.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nishimura R, Taniguchi M, Takeshima T, Iwasaki K. Efficacy and safety of metformin versus the other oral antidiabetic drugs in Japanese type 2 diabetes patients: a network meta-analysis. Adv Therapy. 2021:1–23.

Fang HSA, Gao Q, Tan WY, Lee ML, Hsu W, Tan NC. The effect of oral diabetes medications on glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in asians in primary care: a retrospective cohort real-world data study. BMC Med. 2022;20:22.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang K, Yang W, Dai H, Deng Z. Cardiovascular risk following metformin treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: results from meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;160:108001.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bahardoust M, Mousavi S, Yariali M, Haghmoradi M, Hadaegh F, Khalili D, et al. Effect of metformin (vs. placebo or sulfonylurea) on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and incident cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes: an umbrella review of systematic reviews with meta-analysis. J Diabetes Metabolic Disorders. 2024;23:27–38.

Article  Google Scholar 

Gabriel R, Boukichou Abdelkader N, Acosta T, Gilis-Januszewska A, Gómez-Huelgas R, Makrilakis K, et al. Early prevention of diabetes microvascular complications in people with hyperglycaemia in Europe. ePREDICE randomized trial. Study protocol, recruitment and selected baseline data. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:e0231196.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

González-González JG, Solis RC, González-Colmenero AD, Raygoza-Cortez K, Moreno-Peña PJ, Sánchez AL, et al. Effect of metformin on microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;186:109821.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Piantadosi S. Clinical trials: a methodologic perspective. Wiley; 2024.

Liu F, Panagiotakos D. Real-world data: a brief review of the methods, applications, challenges and opportunities. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2022;22:287.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Eichler HG, Pignatti F, Schwarzer-Daum B, Hidalgo‐Simon A, Eichler I, Arlett P, et al. Randomized controlled trials versus real world evidence: neither magic nor myth. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2021;109:1212–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grapow MT, von Wattenwyl R, Guller U, Beyersdorf F, Zerkowski H-R. Randomized controlled trials do not reflect reality: real-world analyses are critical for treatment guidelines! J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006;132:5–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Calvert M, Kyte D, Mercieca-Bebber R, Slade A, Chan A-W, King MT, et al.