American Diabetes Association. Statistics about diabetes. https://diabetes.org/about-diabetes/statistics/about-diabetes. Accessed 25 May 2025.
International Diabetes Federation. Type 2 diabetes. https://idf.org/about-diabetes/types-of-diabetes/type-2/. Accessed 20 April 2025.
Saunders T. Type 2 diabetes self-management barriers in older adults: an integrative review of the qualitative literature. J Gerontol Nurs. 2019;45(3):43–54. https://doi.org/10.3928/00989134-20190211-05.
American Diabetes Association. Older adults: standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(Suppl 1):S119–25. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-S012.
Weinger K, Beverly EA, Smaldone A. Diabetes self-care and the older adult. West J Nurs Res. 2015;36:1272–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945914521696.
Cho MK, Kim MY. Self-management nursing intervention for controlling glucose among diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(23):12750. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312750.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ryan P, Sawin KJ. The Individual and Family Self-Management Theory: background and perspectives on context, process, and outcomes. Nurs Outlook. 2009;57(4):217–e2256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2008.10.004.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Migration Policy Institute. Korean immigrants in the United States. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/korean-immigrants-united-states. Accessed 18 April 2025.
Pew Research Center. Koreans in the U.S. fact sheet. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/fact-sheet/asian-americans-koreans-in-the-u-s/. Accessed 12 May 2025.
Kim MT, Kim KB, Han HR, Huh B, Nguyen T, Lee HB. Prevalence and predictors of depression in Korean American elderly: findings from the memory and aging study of Koreans (MASK). Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2015;23(7):671–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2014.11.003.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Mui P, Bowie JV, Juon HS, Thorpe RJ Jr. Ethnic group differences in health outcomes among Asian American men in California. Am J Mens Health. 2017;11(5):1406–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988316664508.
Kim JE, Dee V. Utilization of Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory in self-care among older Korean immigrants with diabetes in the United States. Res Theory Nurs Pract. 2024;38(1). https://doi.org/10.1891/RTNP-2022-0144.
Park JJ, Humble S, Sommers BD, Colditz GA, Epstein AM, Koh HK. Health insurance for Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders under the Affordable Care Act. JAMA Intern Med. 2018;178(8):1128–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.1476.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kim MT, Kim KB, Ko J, Murry N, Xie B, Radhakrishnan K, Han HR. Health literacy and outcomes of a community-based self-help intervention: a case of Korean Americans with type 2 diabetes. Nurs Res. 2020;69(3):210–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNR.0000000000000409.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Joo JY, Lee H. Barriers to and facilitators of diabetes self-management with elderly Korean-American immigrants. Int Nurs Rev. 2016;63(2):277–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12260.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Cha E, Yang K, Lee J, et al. Understanding Cultural Issues in the Diabetes Self-Management Behaviors of Korean Immigrants. Diabetes Educ. 2012;38(6):835–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145721712460283.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Choi SE, Rush EB. Effect of a Short-Duration, Culturally Tailored, Community-Based Diabetes Self-management Intervention for Korean Immigrants: A Pilot Study. Diabetes Educ. 2012;38(3):377–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145721712443292.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kim MT, Kim KB, Huh B, et al. The Effect of a Community-Based Self-Help Intervention: Korean Americans With Type 2 Diabetes. Am J Prev Med. 2015;49(5):726–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.04.033.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kim MT, Kim KB, Nguyen TH, et al. Motivating people to sustain healthy lifestyles using persuasive technology: a pilot study of Korean Americans with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. Patient Educ Couns. 2019;102(4):709–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2018.10.021.
Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Yoon YJ, An S, Choi YJ, Lee HY. The interplay of social support and education on diabetes knowledge: a focus on Korean American women. Ethn Health. 2024;29(7):793–808. https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2024.2385109.
Park S, Seo Y. The relationships among health literacy, illness perception, and diabetes self-care in Korean-speaking immigrants with diabetes. Clin Nurs Res. 2022;31(7):1234–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/10547738221082230.
Choi S, Toyama J, Brecht ML. Effect of disclosure on receiving spousal support in Korean immigrants with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Educ. 2020;46(6):559–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/014572172096.
Ko J, Kim KB, Timmerman GM, Clark AP, Kim M. Factors predicting sodium intake of Korean Americans with type 2 diabetes. J Immigr Minor Health. 2018;20(3):641–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-017-0602-8.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Jeong M, Reifsnider E. Associations of diabetes-related distress and depressive symptoms with glycemic control in Korean Americans with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Educ. 2018;44(6):531–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145721718807443.
Nam S, Song HJ, Park SY, Song Y. Challenges of diabetes management in immigrant Korean Americans. Diabetes Educ. 2013;39(2):213–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145721713475846.
Song Y, Song HJ, Han HR, Park SY, Nam S, Kim MT. Unmet needs for social support and effects on diabetes self–care activities in Korean Americans with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Educ. 2012;38(1):77–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145721711432456.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Choi S, Rankin S. Glucose Control in Korean Immigrants With Type 2 Diabetes. West J Nurs Res. 2008;31(3):347–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945908328472.
Kim KB, Kim MT, Lee HB, et al. Community health workers versus nurses as counselors or case managers in a self-help diabetes management program. AJPH. 2016;106(6):1052–8. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303054.
Kim MT, Han H-R, Song H-J, et al. A Community-Based, Culturally Tailored Behavioral Intervention for Korean Americans With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Educ. 2009;35(6):986–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145721709345774.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hong QN, Pluye P, Fàbregues S, Bartlett G, Boardman F, Cargo M et al. Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT), version 2018. Canadian Intellectual Property Office. 2018. https://doi.org/10.3233/EFI-180221
Park SY, Paik HY, Skinner JD, Spindler AA, Park HR. Nutrient intake of Korean-American, Korean, and American adolescents. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004;104(2):242–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2003.11.015.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Song M, Lipman TH. Concept analysis: self-monitoring in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Nurs Stud. 2008;45(11):1700–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2008.04.005.
Migration Policy Institute. Korean immigrants in the United States. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/korean-immigrants-united-states-2019. Accessed 27 June 2025.
Souza JG, Apolinario D, Magaldi RM, et al. Functional health literacy and glycaemic control in older adults with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2014;4:e004180. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004180.
Comments (0)