Bor W, Dean AJ, Najman J, Hayatbakhsh R. Are child and adolescent mental health problems increasing in the 21st century? A systematic review. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2014;48:606–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867414533834.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Buli BG, Lehtinen-Jacks S, Larm P, Nilsson KW, Hellström-Olsson C, Giannotta F. Trends in psychosomatic symptoms among adolescents and the role of lifestyle factors. BMC Public Health. 2024;24:878. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18327-x.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cosma A, Abdrakhmanova S, Taut D, Schrijvers K, Catunda C, Schnohr C. A focus on adolescent mental health and well-being in Europe, central Asia and Canada: health behaviour in School-aged children international report from the 2021/2022 survey. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe; 2023.

Eriksson C, Stattin H. Mental-health profiling with person-centred analysis: A study of adolescents in Sweden. Scand J Public Health. 2023;51:628–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/14034948231158850.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hagquist C. Skolelevers Psykiska Hälsa. Nordens Välfärdscenter; 2015.

Inchley J, Currie D, Budisavljevic S, Torsheim T, Jåstad A, Cosma A, et al. Spotlight on adolescent health and well-being. Findings from the 2017/2018 health behaviour in School-aged children (HBSC) survey in Europe and Canada. International report. Volume 2. Key data. World Health Organizatoin; 2020.

Knaappila N, Marttunen M, Fröjd S, Kaltiala R. Changes over time in mental health symptoms among adolescents in Tampere, Finland. Scand J Child Adolesc Psychiatry Psychol. 2021;9:96–104. https://doi.org/10.21307/sjcapp-2021-011.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mishina K, Heinonen E, Lempinen L, Sourander A. Twenty-year changes of adolescent mental health and substance use: a Finnish population-based time-trend study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-024-02512-9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pitchforth J, Fahy K, Ford T, Wolpert M, Viner RM, Hargreaves DS. Mental health and well-being trends among children and young people in the UK, 1995–2014: analysis of repeated cross-sectional National health surveys. Psychol Med. 2019;49:1275–85. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718001757.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Friends. Mobbningens Förekomst: Tre barn Utsatta i Varje Klass. Stockholm: Friends; 2022. https://www.friends.se/uploads/2022/05/Mobbningens_forekomst-compressed.pdf

Swedish Public Health Agency. Skolbarns hälsovanor i Sverige 2021/22. Nationella resultat. 2023.

Baumgarten F, Junker S, Schlack R. Prevalence and time trends of Self-Reported mental health problems among children and adolescents between 11 and 17 years in the KiGGS study. Z für. Kinder- Jugendpsychiatrie Psychother. 2023;51:311–20. https://doi.org/10.1024/1422-4917/a000936.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hagquist C. Psychosomatic health problems among adolescents in Sweden–are the time trends gender related? Eur J Public Health. 2009;19:331–6. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckp031.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bronfenbrenner U. Ecology of human development: experiments by nature and design. Cambridge: Harvard University Press; 1979.

Book  Google Scholar 

Williams TS, Jewsbury Conger K, Blozis SA. The development of interpersonal aggression during adolescence: the importance of parents, siblings, and family economics. Child Dev. 2007;78:1526–42.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Allen JJ, Anderson CA. Aggression and violence: definitions and distinctions. Wiley handb. Violence aggress. 1st ed. Wiley; 2017. pp. 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119057574.whbva001.

Aneesh A, Sia SK, Kumar P. Parent-child relationship and psychological well-being of adolescents: role of emotion regulation and social competence. J Hum Behav Soc Environ. 2024;34:153–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2023.2221321.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bjereld Y, Augustine L, Thornberg R. Measuring the prevalence of peer bullying victimization: review of studies from Sweden during 1993–2017. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2020;119:105528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105528.

Article  Google Scholar 

Card NA, Stucky BD, Sawalani GM, Little TD. Direct and indirect aggression during childhood and adolescence: A Meta-Analytic review of gender differences, intercorrelations, and relations to maladjustment. Child Dev. 2008;79:1185–229. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01184.x.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Furman W, Rose AJ, Friendships. Romantic Relationships, and Peer Relationships. In: Lerner RM, editor. Handb. Child Psychol. Dev. Sci. 1st ed., Wiley; 2015, pp. 1–43. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy322

Lundh L-G, Daukantaité D, Wångby-Lundh M. Direct and indirect aggression and victimization in adolescents - associations with the development of psychological difficulties. BMC Psychol. 2014;2:43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-014-0043-2.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Palacios D, Berger C, Luengo Kanacri BP, Veenstra R, Dijkstra JK. The interplay of adolescents’ aggression and victimization with friendship and antipathy networks within an educational prosocial intervention. J Youth Adolesc. 2019;48:2005–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01105-z.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Quintana-Orts C, Mérida-López S, Rey L, Extremera N. A closer look at the emotional intelligence construct: how do emotional intelligence facets relate to life satisfaction in students involved in bullying and cyberbullying?? Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ. 2021;11:711–25. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11030051.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gaffney H, Farrington DP, Ttofi MM. Examining the effectiveness of School-Bullying intervention programs globally: a Meta-analysis. Int J Bullying Prev. 2019;1:14–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42380-019-0007-4.

Article  Google Scholar 

Olweus D, Solberg ME, Breivik K. Long-term school‐level effects of the Olweus bullying prevention program (OBPP). Scand J Psychol. 2020;61:108–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12486.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Salmivalli C, Kärnä A, Poskiparta E. Counteracting bullying in Finland: the KiVa program and its effects on different forms of being bullied. Int J Behav Dev. 2011;35:405–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025411407457.

Article  Google Scholar 

Salmivalli C, Poskiparta E. Making bullying prevention a priority in Finnish schools: the KiVa antibullying program. New Dir Youth Dev. 2012;2012:41–53. https://doi.org/10.1002/yd.20006.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hansen S. The trends in perceived health, well-being, and risk behaviours among high school students in Finnmark, Norway, compared to the National average. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2024;83:2420480. https://doi.org/10.1080/22423982.2024.2420480.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Olweus D. Bullying at school: what we know and what we can do. Reprinted. Oxford: Blackwell; 1996.

Google Scholar 

Christina S, Magson NR, Kakar V, Rapee RM. The bidirectional relationships between peer victimization and internalizing problems in school-aged children: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2021;85:101979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2021.101979.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Laninga-Wijnen L, Yanagida T, Garandeau CF, Malamut ST, Veenstra R, Salmivalli C. Is there really a healthy context paradox for victims of bullying? A longitudinal test of bidirectional within-and between-person associations between victimization and psychological problems. Dev Psychopathol. 2025;37:40–54. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579423001384.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gong X, Huebner ES, Tian L. Bullying victimization and developmental trajectories of internalizing and externalizing problems: the moderating role of locus of control among children. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol. 2021;49:351–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-020-00752-2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sukhawathanakul P, Leadbeater B. Trajectories of peer victimization in elementary school children: associations with changes in internalizing, externalizing, social competence, and school climate. J Community Psychol. 2020;48:1751–69. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22365.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Preston AJ, Rew L, Connectedness. Self-Esteem, and prosocial behaviors protect adolescent mental health following social isolation: A systematic review. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2022;43:32–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2021.1948642.

Schacter HL, Lessard LM, Kiperman S, Bakth F, Ehrhardt A, Uganski J. Can friendships protect against the health consequences of peer victimization in adolescence?? A systematic review. School Ment Health. 2021;13:578–601. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-021-09417-x.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ortuño-Sierra J, Fonseca-Pedrero E, Sastre I, Riba S, Muñiz J. Different patterns of behavioural and emotional difficulties through adolescence: the influence of prosocial skills. Psicol. 2016;33:48. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.32.3.225031.

Article  Google Scholar 

Dennehy R, Meaney S, Cronin M, Arensman E. The psychosocial impacts of cybervictimisation and barriers to seeking social support: young People’s perspectives. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2020;111:104872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104872.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ranney ML, Pittman SK, Riese A, Koehler C, Ybarra ML, Cunningham RM, et al. What counts?? A qualitative study of adolescents’ lived experience with online victimization and cyberbullying. Acad Pediatr. 2020;20:485–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2019.11.001.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yurdakul Y, Ayhan AB. Cyber victimization in adolescence: A qualitative study. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2021;128:106139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.202