M.E Cabanillas, D.G McFadden, C Durante, Thyroid cancer. Lancet 388(10061), 2783–2795 (2016).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

M Schlumberger, S Leboulleux, Current practice in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Nature reviews Endocrinology 17(3), 176–188 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

R Chou, T Dana, M Haymart, A.M Leung, R.P Tufano, J.A Sosa, M.D Ringel, Active surveillance versus thyroid surgery for differentiated thyroid cancer: a systematic review. Thyroid 32(4), 351–367 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Y.H Chen, Y.Q Zhang, Diagnostic potential of ultrasonography and computed tomography in differentiating cervical lymph node metastasis of thyroid cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch. Med. Sci. 19(4), 965–975 (2023).

PubMed  Google Scholar 

T Rago, P Vitti, Risk Stratification of thyroid nodules: from ultrasound features to TIRADS. Cancers 14(3), 717 (2022).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

D Toro-Tobon, R Loor-Torres, M Duran, J.W Fan, N Singh Ospina, Y Wu, J.P Brito, Artificial intelligence in thyroidology: a narrative review of the current applications, associated challenges, and future directions. Thyroid 33(8), 903–917 (2023).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

C.L. Cao, Q.L. Li, J. Tong, L.N. Shi, W.X. Li, Y. Xu, J. Cheng, T.T. Du, J. Li, X.W. Cui, Artificial intelligence in thyroid ultrasound. Front Oncol. 13, 1060702 (2023)

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Y Cao, X Zhong, W Diao, J Mu, Y Cheng, Z Jia, Radiomics in differentiated thyroid cancer and nodules: explorations, application, and limitations. Cancers 13(10), 2436 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

F Pitoia, P Trimboli, New insights in thyroid diagnosis and treatment. Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord. 25, 11–3 (2024).

Article  Google Scholar 

C.M. Riguetto, I.S. Barreto, F.F.R. Maia, L. Assumpção, D.E. Zantut-Wittmann, Usefulness of pre-thyroidectomy neutrophil-lymphocyte, platelet-lymphocyte, and monocyte-lymphocyte ratios for discriminating lymph node and distant metastases in differentiated thyroid cancer. Clinics 76, e3022 (2021)

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

J.E Noel, P Thatipamala, K.S Hung, J Chen, R.Z Shi, L.A Orloff, Pre-operative antithyroid antibodies in differentiated thyroid cancer. Endocr. Pract. 27(11), 1114–1118 (2021).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

L Boucai, M Zafereo, M.E Cabanillas, Thyroid cancer: a review. Jama 331(5), 425–435 (2024).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

L Pantanowitz, T Pearce, I Abukhiran, M Hanna, S Wheeler, T.R Soong, A.P Tafti, J Pantanowitz, M.Y Lu, F Mahmood, Q Gu, H.H Rashidi, Non-generative artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine: advancements and applications in supervised and unsupervised machine learning. Mod. Pathol. 38(3), 100680 (2024).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

L. Muyama, A. Neuraz, A. Coulet, Machine learning approaches for the discovery of clinical pathways from patient data: a systematic review. J Biomed Inform 160, 104746 (2024)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Y Hu, H Yan, M Liu, J Gao, L Xie, C Zhang, L Wei, Y Ding, H Jiang, Detecting cardiovascular diseases using unsupervised machine learning clustering based on electronic medical records. BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 24(1), 309 (2024).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

S Llaneza-Lago, W.D Fraser, D Green, Bayesian unsupervised clustering identifies clinically relevant osteosarcoma subtypes. Brief Bioinform 26(1), bbae665 (2024).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

M. Jafari, Y. Wang, A. Amiryousefi, J. Tang, Unsupervised learning and multipartite network models: a promising approach for understanding traditional medicine. Front Pharmacol 11, 1319 (2020)

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Z. Deng, S. Wu, Y. Wang, D. Shi, Circulating tumor cell isolation for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. EBioMedicine 83, 104237 (2022)

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

J.C Stadler, Y Belloum, B Deitert, M Sementsov, I Heidrich, C Gebhardt, L Keller, K Pantel, Current and future clinical applications of ctDNA in immuno-oncology. Cancer Res. 82(3), 349–358 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

A.M Nixon, X Provatopoulou, E Kalogera, G.N Zografos, A Gounaris, Circulating thyroid cancer biomarkers: Current limitations and future prospects. Clinical Endocrinology 87(2), 117–126 (2017).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

A Algeciras-Schimnich, Thyroglobulin measurement in the management of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Critical Reviews Clinical Laboratory Sciences 55(3), 205–218 (2018).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

S Luo, F Lai, R Liang, B Li, Y He, W Chen, J Zhang, X Li, T Xu, Y Hou, Y Liu, J Long, Z Yang, X Chen, Clinical prediction models for cervical lymph node metastasis of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Endocrine 84(2), 646–655 (2024).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Y Huang, Z Huang, H Cai, L Zhuge, S Wang, D Yan, X Zhang, C An, L Niu, Z Li, Evaluation of serum B7-H3 expression, ultrasound and clinical characteristics to predict the risk of cervical lymph node metastases in papillary thyroid carcinoma by nomogram. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 37(1), e24811 (2023).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

S. Kierner, J. Kucharski, Z. Kierner, Taxonomy of hybrid architectures involving rule-based reasoning and machine learning in clinical decision systems: a scoping review. J Biomed Inform 144, 104428 (2023)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Z Wang, X Zhao, S Chen, Y Wang, L Cao, W Liao, Y Sun, X Wang, Y Zheng, S Wu, L Wang, Associations between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cancers in a large cohort in China. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 19(4), 788–96.e4 (2021).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

L. Crudele, F. Novielli, C. De Matteis, S. Petruzzelli, P. Suppressa, E. Berardi, G. Antonica, G. Piazzolla, C. Sabbà, G. Graziano, A. Moschetta, Thyroid nodule malignancy is associated with increased non-invasive hepatic fibrosis scores in metabolic subjects. Frontiers Oncology 13, 1233083 (2023)

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

N Qu, D Chen, B Ma, L Zhang, Q Wang, Y Wang, H Wang, Z Ni, W Wang, T Liao, J Xiang, Y Wang, S Jin, D Xue, W Wu, Y Wang, Q Ji, H He, H.L Piao, R Shi, Integrated proteogenomic and metabolomic characterization of papillary thyroid cancer with different recurrence risks. Nat. Commun. 15(1), 3175 (2024).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

G Chi, J.J Lee, S.M Montazerin, J Marszalek, Prognostic value of hemoglobin-to-red cell distribution width ratio in cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biomark Med. 16(6), 473–482 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

X Chen, H Zhou, J Lv, The importance of hypoxia-related to hemoglobin concentration in breast cancer. Cell Biochem Biophys 82(3), 1893–1906 (2024).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

J He, M Zhou, J Yin, J Wan, J Chu, J Jia, J Sheng, C Wang, H Yin, F He, METTL3 restrains papillary thyroid cancer progression via m(6)A/c-Rel/IL-8-mediated neutrophil infiltration. Mol. Ther. 29(5), 1821–1837 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

D. Zheng, J. Yang, J. Qian, L. Jin, G. Huang, Fibrinogen-to-neutrophil ratio as a new predictor of central lymph node metastasis in patients with papillary thyroid cancer and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cancer Manag. Res. 14, 3493–3505 (2022)

Article  CAS