Author contributions

John Basmaji contributed to all aspects of this manuscript, including the study conception and design; acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of data; and drafting the article. Elaine Tang contributed to the conceptualization, data curation, investigation, methodology, validation, visualization, and writing—review and editing of the manuscript. Robert Arntfield, Karishma Desai, Ian Ball, Kyle Fiorini, Marat Slessarev, Kimia Honarmand, Phil Jones, Vincent Lau, Kimberley Lewis, Maureen Meade, Brian Park, Ross Prager, Bram Rochwerg, and Lehana Thabane contributed to the validation, visualization, and writing—review and editing of the manuscript. Nico Orozco contributed to the validation, visualization, resources, and writing—review and editing of the manuscript. Michelle Yee Suet Wong contributed to the methodology, validation, writing—original draft, and writing—review and editing. Gordon Guyatt contributed to the conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, project administration, software, supervision, validation, visualization, writing—original draft, and writing—review and editing of the manuscript.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge Alla Iansavitchene for developing and refining the search strategy.

Disclosures

None.

Funding statement

The authors state that there are no sources of funding to declare.

Editorial responsibility

This submission was handled by Dr. Patricia S. Fontela, Associate Editor, Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d’anesthésie.