Ashana DC, Welsh W, Preiss D, et al. Racial differences in shared decision-making about critical illness. JAMA Intern Med 2024; 184: 424–32. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.8433

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McGowan SK, Sarigiannis KA, Fox SC, Gottlieb MA, Chen E. Racial disparities in ICU outcomes: a systematic review. Crit Care Med 2022; 50: 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000005269

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yarnell CJ, Johnson A, Dam T, et al. Do thresholds for invasive ventilation in hypoxemic respiratory failure exist? A cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 207: 271–82. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202206-1092OC

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ranganathan M, Bhopal R. Exclusion and inclusion of nonwhite ethnic minority groups in 72 North American and European cardiovascular cohort studies. PLoS Med 2006; 3: e44. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030044

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xiao H, Vaidya R, Liu F, Chang X, Xia X, Unger JM. Sex, racial, and ethnic representation in COVID-19 clinical trials: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med 2023; 183: 50–60. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.5600

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sheikh F, Douglas W, Catenacci V, Machon C, Fox-Robichaud AE. Social determinants of health associated with the development of sepsis in adults: a scoping review. Crit Care Explor 2022; 4: e0731. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCE.0000000000000731

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kotfis K, Olusanya S, Modra L. Equity in patient care in the intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med 2024; 50: 291–3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-023-07310-6

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sheikh F, Fox-Robichaud AE, Schwartz L. Collecting race-based data in health research: a critical analysis of the ongoing challenges and next steps for Canada. Can J Bioeth 2023; 6: 75–80. https://doi.org/10.7202/1098560ar

Article  Google Scholar 

Bartlett C, Doyal L, Ebrahim S, et al. The causes and effects of socio-demographic exclusions from clinical trials. Health Technol Assess 2005; 9: iii–iv, ix–x 1–152. https://doi.org/10.3310/hta9380.

Statistics Canada. Canada in 2041: a larger, more diverse population with greater differences between regions. 2022. URL available from: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/220908/dq220908a-eng.htm (accessed November 2025)

O’Neill J, Tabish H, Welch V, et al. Applying an equity lens to interventions: using PROGRESS ensures consideration of socially stratifying factors to illuminate inequities in health. J Clin Epidemiol 2014; 67: 56–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.08.005

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Treweek S, Banister K, Bower P, et al. Developing the INCLUDE Ethnicity Framework: a tool to help trialists design trials that better reflect the communities they serve. Trials. 2021; 22: 337. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05276-8

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Aves T, Kredo T, Welch V, et al. Equity issues were not fully addressed in Cochrane human immunodeficiency virus systematic reviews. J Clin Epidemiol. 2017; 81: 96–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.09.008

Kirvin-Quamme A, Kissinger J, Quinlan L, et al. Common practices for sociodemographic data reporting in digital mental health intervention research: a scoping review. BMJ Open. 2024; 14: e078029. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-078029

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Orkin AM, Nicoll G, Persaud N, Pinto AD. Reporting of sociodemographic variables in randomized clinical trials, 2014-2020. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4: e2110700. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.10700

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Driessen R, Bhatia N, Gichoya JW, Safdar NM, Balthazar P. Sociodemographic variables reporting in human radiology artificial intelligence research. J Am Coll Radiol 2023; 20: 554–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2023.03.014

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leeies M, Grunau B, Askin N, et al. Equity-relevant sociodemographic variable collection in emergency medicine: a systematic review, qualitative evidence synthesis, and recommendations for practice. Acad Emerg Med 2023; 30: 742–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.14629

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Krewulak KD, Sheikh F, Heirali A, et al. Core sociodemographic data variables in ICU trials (CoDe-IT): a protocol for generating core data variables using a Delphi consensus process. BMJ Open 2024; 14: e082912. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-082912

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Arksey H, O’Malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol 2005; 8: 19–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000119616

Article  Google Scholar 

Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, et al. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med 2018; 169: 467–73. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cossman B. Gender identity, gender pronouns, and freedom of expression: Bill C-16 and the traction of specious legal claims. Univ Toronto Law J 2018; 68: 37–79.

Article  Google Scholar 

Li Y, Fiest KM, Burns KEA, et al. Addressing healthcare inequities in Canadian critical care through inclusive science: a pilot tool for standardized data collection. Can J Anesth 2023; 70: 963–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12630-023-02450-1

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peters MDJ, Marnie C, Tricco AC, et al. Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews. JBI Evid Implement 2021; 19: 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1097/XEB.0000000000000277

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Evans T, Brown H. Road traffic crashes: operationalizing equity in the context of health sector reform. Inj Control Saf Promot 2003; 10: 11–2. https://doi.org/10.1076/icsp.10.1.11.14117

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Welch V, Petticrew M, Tugwell P, et al. PRISMA-Equity 2012 extension: reporting guidelines for systematic reviews with a focus on health equity. PLoS Med 2012; 9: e1001333. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001333

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kunonga TP, Hanratty B, Bower P, Craig D. A systematic review finds a lack of consensus in methodological approaches in health inequality/inequity focused reviews. J Clin Epidemiol 2023; 156: 76–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2022.12.001

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sauro KM, O’Rielly CM, Kersen J, Soo A, Bagshaw SM, Stelfox HT. Critical illness among patients experiencing homelessness: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care 2023; 27: 477. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-023-04753-7

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Martin CM, Lam M, Allen B, et al. Determinants of direct discharge home from critical care units: a population-based cohort analysis. Crit Care Med 2020; 48: 475–83. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000004178

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stelfox HT, Hemmelgarn BR, Bagshaw SM, et al. Intensive care unit bed availability and outcomes for hospitalized patients with sudden clinical deterioration. Arch Intern Med 2012; 172: 467–74. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2011.2315

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Martin CM, Lam M, Le B, et al. Outcomes after direct discharge home from critical care units: a population-based cohort analysis. Crit Care Med 2022; 50: 1256–64. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000005533

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heyland DK, Wibbenmeyer L, Pollack J, et al. A randomized trial of enteral glutamine for treatment of burn injuries. N Engl J Med 2022; 387: 1001–10. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2203364

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Stoppe C, McDonald B, Meybohm P, et al. Effect of high-dose selenium on postoperative organ dysfunction and mortality in cardiac surgery patients: the SUSTAIN CSX randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surg 2023; 158: 235–44. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2022.6855

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar