Author contributions

Karim Narsingani, Claire Moura, Simrin Dhillon, and Susan M. Lee contributed to all aspects of this manuscript, including study conception and design; acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of data; and drafting of the article. Shelley Tweedle contributed to the conception and design of the manuscript.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank all University of British Columbia anesthesiology residents that participated in this QI project from July 2022 to July 2024 as well as all operating room staff at Royal Columbia Hospital (RCH), particularly housekeeping, nurses, anesthesia assistants, aides, administrators, waste management, and anesthesiologists, for supporting the project. Thanks to Michelle Mozel, RCH Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine clinical research manager, for her assistance in preparing this manuscript. Thank you to Physician Quality Improvement (PQI) analyst Neil Tong, who assisted with the figures.

Disclosures

Dr. Susan M. Lee is a member of the Editorial Board of the Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d'anesthésie; she had no involvement in the handling or review of this manuscript. All other authors report that they have no disclosures of conflicts of interest.

Funding statement

This project was supported by Royal Columbian Hospital Facility Engagement Funding (New Westminster, BC, Canada).

Prior conference presentations

1) International Forum on Quality & Safety in Healthcare 2023 (30 October–1 November 2023, Melbourne, VIC, Australia). 2) 17th Annual Research Day of the University of British Columbia Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics (30 May 2023, Vancouver, BC, Canada).

Generative AI tools use

None.

Editorial responsibility

This submission was handled by Dr. Philip M. Jones, Deputy Editor-in-Chief, Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d’anesthésie.