Dawes JM, Howard RF. Neonatal pain: significance, assessment, and management. In: Lerman, J, editor. Neonatal Anesthesia. Cham: Springer Nature; 2023. p. 505–27.

McPherson C, Ortinau CM, Vesoulis Z. Practical approaches to sedation and analgesia in the newborn. J Perinatol. 2021;41:383–95.

Google Scholar 

Williams MD, Lascelles BD. Early neonatal pain—a review of clinical and experimental implications on painful conditions later in life. Front Pediatr. 2020;8:30.

Google Scholar 

Bouza H. The impact of pain in the immature brain. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2009;22:722–32.

Google Scholar 

Grunau RE. Neonatal pain in very preterm infants: long-term effects on brain, neurodevelopment and pain reactivity. Rambam Maimonides Med J. 2013;4:e0025.

Google Scholar 

Hatfield LA, Murphy N, Karp K, Polomano RC. A systematic review of behavioral and environmental interventions for procedural pain management in preterm infants. J Pediatr Nurs. 2019;44:22–30.

Google Scholar 

Roma TM, Carvalho Lam Z, Garcia Marques AC, Uchoa Lopes Pereira M, Motta E, Lamy-Filho F. Perception and attitude of parents towards newborn pain in neonatal unit. Rev Fun Care Online. 2021;13:1234–41.

Google Scholar 

Campbell-Yeo M, Eriksson M, Benoit B. Assessment and management of pain in preterm infants: a practice update. Children. 2022;9:244.

Google Scholar 

Perry M, Tan Z, Chen J, Weidig T, Xu W, Cong XS. Neonatal pain: perceptions and current practice. Crit Care Nurs Clin N Am. 2018;30:549–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnc.2018.07.013

Article  Google Scholar 

Zhao T, Starkweather AR, Matson A, Lainwala S, Xu W, Cong X. Nurses’ experiences of caring for preterm infants in pain: a meta-ethnography. Int J Nurs Sci. 2022;9:533–41.

Google Scholar 

Balice-Bourgois C, Zumstein-Shaha M, Simonetti GD, Newman CJ. Interprofessional collaboration and involvement of parents in the management of painful procedures in newborns. Front Pediatr. 2020;8:394.

Google Scholar 

Johnston C, Barrington KJ, Taddio A, Carbajal R, Filion F. Pain in Canadian NICUs: have we improved over the past 12 years? Clin J Pain. 2011;27:225–32.

Google Scholar 

Faugère GD, Aita M, Feeley N, Colson S. Nurses’ perception of preterm infants’ pain and the factors of their pain assessment and management. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs. 2022;36:312–26.

Google Scholar 

Dick MJ. Preterm infants in pain: nurses’ and physicians’ perceptions. Clin Nurs Res. 1993;2:176–87.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Pölkki T, Korhonen A, Laukkala H, Saarela T, Vehviläinen‐Julkunen K, Pietilä AM. Nurses’ attitudes and perceptions of pain assessment in neonatal intensive care. Scand J Caring Sci. 2010;24:49–55.

Google Scholar 

Charmaz K. Constructing grounded theory: a practical guide through qualitative analysis. London: Sage; 2006.

Tong A, Sainsbury P, Craig J. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Int J Qual Health Care. 2007;19:349–57.

Google Scholar 

Phillippi J, Lauderdale J. A guide to field notes for qualitative research: context and conversation. Qual Health Res. 2018;28:381–8.

Google Scholar 

Kinsey CB, Hupcey JE. State of the science of maternal–infant bonding: a principle-based concept analysis. Midwifery. 2013;29:1314–20.

Google Scholar 

Vazquez V, Cong X, DeJong A. Maternal and paternal knowledge and perceptions regarding infant pain in the NICU. Neonatal Netw. 2015;34:337–44.

Kyololo OM, Kereri D, Marete I. Parental perceptions about pain and pain management practices in neonatal units: a review. East Afr Med J. 2015;92:141–6.

Google Scholar 

Williams C. Framing the fetus in medical work: rituals and practices. Soc Sci Med. 2005;60:2085–95.

Google Scholar 

Gale G, Franck LS, Kools S, Lynch M. Parents’ perceptions of their infant’s pain experience in the NICU. Int J Nurs Stud. 2004;41:51–8.

Google Scholar 

Roque AT, Lasiuk GC, Radünz V, Hegadoren K. Scoping review of the mental health of parents of infants in the NICU. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2017;46:576–87.

Google Scholar 

Jarcho JM, Berkman ET, Lieberman MD. The neural basis of rationalization: cognitive dissonance reduction during decision-making. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2011;6:460–7.

Google Scholar 

Kang HW, Han GH. Negative family life events, spousal support and mental health: focus on gender differences. Int J Hum Ecol. 2005;43:55–68.

Google Scholar 

Koliouli F, Gaudron CZ, Raynaud JP. Life experiences of French premature fathers: a qualitative study. J Neonatal Nurs. 2016;22:244–9.

Google Scholar 

Toral-López I, Fernández-Alcántara M, González-Carrión P, Cruz-Quintana F, Rivas-Campos A, Pérez-Marfil N. Needs perceived by parents of preterm infants: integrating care into the early discharge process. J Pediatr Nurs. 2016;31:e99–108.

Google Scholar 

Yu X, Zhang J, Yuan L. Chinese parents’ lived experiences of having preterm infants in NICU: A qualitative study. J Pediatr Nurs. 2020;50:e48–54.

Google Scholar 

Arockiasamy V, Holsti L, Albersheim S. Fathers’ experiences in the neonatal intensive care unit: a search for control. Pediatrics. 2008;121:e215–22.

Google Scholar 

Feeley N, Waitzer E, Sherrard K, Boisvert L, Zelkowitz P. Fathers’ perceptions of the barriers and facilitators to their involvement with their newborn hospitalised in the neonatal intensive care unit. J Clin Nurs. 2013;22:521–30.

Google Scholar 

Hall EO, Kronborg H, Aagaard H, Brinchmann BS. The journey towards motherhood after a very preterm birth: mothers’ experiences in hospital and after home-coming. J Neonatal Nurs. 2013;19:109–13.

Google Scholar 

Smith VC, SteelFisher GK, Salhi C, Shen LY. Coping with the neonatal intensive care unit experience: parents’ strategies and views of staff support. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs. 2012;26:343–52.

Google Scholar 

Rheel E, Malfliet A, Van Ryckeghem DM, Pas R, Vervoort T, Ickmans K. The impact of parental presence on their children during painful medical procedures: a systematic review. Pain Med. 2022;23:912–33.

Google Scholar 

Sağlık DS, Çağlar S. The effect of parental presence on pain and anxiety levels during invasive procedures in the pediatric emergency department. J Emerg Nurs. 2019;45:278–85.

Google Scholar 

Egberts MR, de Jong AE, Hofland HW, Geenen R, Van Loey NE. Parental presence or absence during paediatric burn wound care procedures. Burns. 2018;44:850–60.

Google Scholar 

Carter CS, editor. Attachment and bonding: a new synthesis. Massachusetts: Mit Press; 2005.

Kielhofner G. Introduction to the model of human occupation. In: Kielhofner G, editor. Model of human occupation, theory and application. Lippincott Willams & Wilkins: Baltimore; 2008. p. 1–9.

Roué JM, Kuhn P, Maestro ML, Maastrup RA, Mitanchez D, Westrup B, et al. Eight principles for patient-centred and family-centred care for newborns in the neonatal intensive care unit. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2017;102:F364–8.

Google Scholar 

Neu M, Klawetter S, Greenfield JC, Roybal K, Scott JL, Hwang SS. Mothers’ experiences in the NICU before family-centered care and in NICUs where it is the standard of care. Adv Neonatal Care. 2020;20:68–79.

Google Scholar 

Mundy CA. Assessment of family needs in neonatal intensive care units. Am J Crit Care. 2010;19:156–63.

Google Scholar 

Williams KG, Patel KT, Stausmire JM, Bridges C, Mathis MW, Barkin JL. The neonatal intensive care unit: Environmental stressors and supports. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15:60.

Google Scholar 

Wu Q, Jin Z, Wang P. The relationship between the physician-patient relationship, physician empathy, and patient trust. J Gen Intern Med. 2022;37:1388–93.

Google Scholar 

Yang YY, He HG, Lee SY, Holroyd E, Shorey S, Koh SS. Perceptions of parents with preterm infants hospitalized in Singaporean neonatal intensive care unit. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs. 2017;31:263–73.

Google Scholar 

Koenig HG. Religion, spirituality, and health: The research and clinical implications. Int Sch Res Not. 2012;2012:278730.

Google Scholar