Niermeyer S, Kattwinkel J, Van Reempts P, Nadkarni V, Phillips B, Zideman D, et al. International Guidelines for Neonatal Resuscitation: an excerpt from the Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care: International Consensus on Science. Contributors and Reviewers for the Neonatal Resuscitation Guidelines. Pediatrics 2000;106:E29.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wyckoff MH, Aziz K, Escobedo MB, Kapadia VS, Kattwinkel J, Perlman JM, et al. Part 13: Neonatal Resuscitation: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care (Reprint). Pediatrics 2015;136:S196–S218.

Lee HC, Strand ML, Finan E, Illuzzi J, Kamath-Rayne BD, Kapadia V, et al. Part 5: Neonatal Resuscitation: 2025 American Heart Association and American Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Pediatrics 2025;157.

Weiner GM, Lee HC, Cooper CM (eds). Textbook of Neonatal Resuscitation 9th ed. American Academy of Pediatrics: Itasca, IL, 2025.

Oei JL, Finer NN, Saugstad OD, Wright IM, Rabi Y, Tarnow-Mordi W, et al. Outcomes of oxygen saturation targeting during delivery room stabilisation of preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2018;103:F446–f454.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jiang S, Cui X, Katheria A, Finer NN, Bennett MV, Profit J, et al. Association between 5-minute oxygen saturation and neonatal death and intraventricular hemorrhage among extremely preterm infants. J Perinatol. 2025;45:1145–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sotiropoulos JX, Soll RF, Fiander M, Bruschettini M, Oei JL, Kapadia V, et al. Delivery room oxygen titration strategies for resuscitation of preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2025;8:CD016293.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Oei JL, Kirby A, Travadi J, Davis P, Wright I, Ghadge A, et al. Targeted Oxygen for Initial Resuscitation of Preterm Infants: The TORPIDO 30/60 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2026;335:523–30.

Bawa M, Gugino S, Helman J, Nielsen L, Bradley N, Mani S, et al. Initial use of 100% but not 60% or 30% oxygen achieved a target heart rate of 100 bpm and preductal saturations of 80% faster in a bradycardic preterm model. Child (Basel). 2022;9:1750.

Google Scholar 

Crawshaw JR, Kitchen MJ, Binder-Heschl C, Thio M, Wallace MJ, Kerr LT, et al. Laryngeal closure impedes non-invasive ventilation at birth. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2018;103:F112–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heesters V, Dekker J, Panneflek TJ, Kuypers KL, Hooper SB, Visser R, et al. The vocal cords are predominantly closed in preterm infants <30 weeks gestation during transition after birth; an observational study. Resuscitation. 2024;194:110053.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dekker J, Stenning FJ, Willms L, Martherus T, Hooper SB, Te Pas AB. Time to achieve desired fraction of inspired oxygen using a T-piece ventilator during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth. Resuscitation. 2019;136:100–4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lang JA, Pearson JT, Binder-Heschl C, Wallace MJ, Siew ML, Kitchen MJ, et al. Increase in pulmonary blood flow at birth: role of oxygen and lung aeration. J Physiol. 2016;594:1389–98.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lakshminrusimha S, Russell JA, Steinhorn RH, Swartz DD, Ryan RM, Gugino SF, et al. Pulmonary hemodynamics in neonatal lambs resuscitated with 21%, 50%, and 100% oxygen. Pediatr Res. 2007;62:313–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chandrasekharan P, Rawat M, Gugino SF, Koenigsknecht C, Helman J, Nair J, et al. Effect of various inspired oxygen concentrations on pulmonary and systemic hemodynamics and oxygenation during resuscitation in a transitioning preterm model. Pediatr Res. 2018;84:743–50.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dekker J, Hooper SB, Croughan MK, Crossley KJ, Wallace MJ, McGillick EV, et al. Increasing Respiratory Effort With 100% Oxygen During Resuscitation of Preterm Rabbits at Birth. Front Pediatr. 2019;7:427.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dekker J, Martherus T, Lopriore E, Giera M, McGillick EV, Hutten J, et al. The effect of initial high vs. low FiO2 on breathing effort in preterm infants at birth: a randomized controlled trial. Front Pediatr. 2019;7:504.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Katheria AC, Ines F, Lee HC, Sollinger C, Vali P, Morales A, et al. Deferred cord clamping with high oxygen in extremely preterm infants: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2025;179:971–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sotiropoulos JX, Oei JL, Schmolzer GM, Libesman S, Hunter KE, Williams JG, et al. Initial oxygen concentration for the resuscitation of infants born at less than 32 weeks’ gestation: a systematic review and individual participant data network meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2024;178:774–83.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bowditch SP, Oei JL, Lakshminrusimha S. Preterm infants are not small term infants: Should the resuscitation of a <26-week preterm infant be initiated with 100% oxygen? J Perinatol Off J Calif Perinat Assoc. 2024;44:1387–9.

Google Scholar 

Angeloni NA, Adhikari NK, Lamontagne F. A practical review of adaptive platform trials. Transfus Med Rev. 2025;39:150935.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar