American Diabetes Association. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes-2021. Diabetes Care. 2021;44:S15–33. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-S002.

Article  Google Scholar 

National Health Portal. Overview of diabetes burden | National health portal of India 2016. https://www.nhp.gov.in/overview-of-diabetes-burden_mtl Accessed 21 Oct 2022.

Hashemi SJ, Karandish M, Cheraghian B, Azhdari M. Prevalence of prediabetes and associated factors in Southwest Iran: results from Hoveyzeh cohort study. BMC Endocr Disord. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-022-00990-z.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ambade M. Economic burden of diabetes and cardio-vascular diseases on households in India Prof. Balram Paswan. International institute for population sciences; 2020.

Fox CS, Pencina MJ, Wilson PWF, Paynter NP, Vasan RS, D’agostino RB. Lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease among individuals with and without diabetes stratified by obesity status in the framingham heart study org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ 2008;31. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc08

Huebschmann AG, Huxley RR, Kohrt WM, Zeitler P, Regensteiner JG, Reusch JEB. Sex differences in the burden of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk across the life course. Diabetologia. 2019;62:1761–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-019-4939-5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lai YJ, Hu HY, Lee YL, Ku PW, Yen YF, Chu D. A retrospective cohort study on the risk of stroke in relation to a priori health knowledge level among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Taiwan. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2017;17:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-017-0568-4.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sattar N, Rawshani A, Franzén S, Rawshani A, Svensson AM, Rosengren A, et al. Age at diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus and associations with cardiovascular and mortality risks: findings from the Swedish National diabetes registry. Circulation. 2019;139:2228–37. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.037885/FORMAT/EPUB.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rooney MR, Fang M, Ogurtsova K, Ozkan B, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Boyko EJ, et al. Global prevalence of prediabetes. Diabetes Care. 2023;46:1388. https://doi.org/10.2337/DC22-2376.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Anjana RM, Unnikrishnan R, Deepa M, Pradeepa R, Tandon N, Das AK et al. Metabolic non-communicable disease health report of india: the ICMR-INDIAB National cross-sectional study (ICMR-INDIAB-17). Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(23)00119-5

Ligthart S, van Herpt TTW, Leening MJG, Kavousi M, Hofman A, Stricker BHC, et al. Lifetime risk of developing impaired glucose metabolism and eventual progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;4:44–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00362-9.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bennasar-Veny M, Fresneda S, López-González A, Busquets-Cortés C, Aguiló A, Yañez AM. Lifestyle and progression to type 2 diabetes in a cohort of workers with prediabetes. Nutrients. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051538.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Breyer MK, Ofenheimer A, Altziebler J, Hartl S, Burghuber OC, Studnicka M, et al. Marked differences in prediabetes- and diabetes-associated comorbidities between men and women—epidemiological results from a general population-based cohort aged 6–80 years—the LEAD (Lung, hEart, sociAl, boDy) study. Eur J Clin Invest. 2020;50:e13207. https://doi.org/10.1111/ECI.13207.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Andes LJ, Cheng YJ, Rolka DB, Gregg EW, Imperatore G. Prevalence of prediabetes among adolescents and young adults in the united States, 2005–2016. JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174:e194498. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMAPEDIATRICS.2019.4498.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

National Diabetes Statistics Report | Diabetes | CDC n.d. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/php/data-research/index.html#cdc_report_pub_study_section_5-prevalence-of-prediabetes-among-adults Accessed 29 Apr 2025.

Narayan KMV, Kondal D, Staimez LR, Anjana RM, Gujral U, Deepa M. 1194-P: Gender differences in incidence of prediabetes and diabetes in South Asians. Diabetes. 2022. https://doi.org/10.2337/DB22-1194-P.

Article  Google Scholar 

van Herpt TTW, Ligthart S, Leening MJG, Van Hoek M, Lieverse AG, Ikram MA, et al. Lifetime risk to progress from pre-diabetes to type 2 diabetes among women and men: comparison between American diabetes association and world health organization diagnostic criteria. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001529.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mohan V, Kaur Tanvir, Anjana RM, Pradeepa R, Guha. ICMR-India diabetes phase I report. 2016.

Anjana RM, Deepa M, Pradeepa R, Mahanta J, Narain K, Das HK, et al. Prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes in 15 States of India: results from the ICMR–INDIAB population-based cross-sectional study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(8):585–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30174-2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Anjana RM, Pradeepa R, Deepa M, Datta M, Sudha V, Unnikrishnan R, et al. Prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance) in urban and rural india: phase i results of the Indian Council of medical Research-INdia diabetes (ICMR-INDIAB) study. Diabetologia. 2011;54:3022–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00125-011-2291-5/FIGURES/1.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sharma P, Dilip TR, Kulkarni A, Bhandarkar P. Age and sex dynamics in the incidence of diabetes in contributory health services scheme beneficiaries: a retrospective cohort study in Mumbai. Int J Noncommunicable Dis. 2024;9:13–20. https://doi.org/10.4103/JNCD.JNCD_33_23.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sharma P, Dilip TR, Kulkarni A, Mishra US, Shejul Y. Risk of diabetes and expected years in life without diabetes among adults from an urban community in india: findings from a retrospective cohort. BMC Public Health. 2024;24:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12889-024-18465-2/TABLES/7.

Article  Google Scholar 

Rooney MR, Rawlings AM, Pankow JS, Echouffo Tcheugui JB, Coresh J, Sharrett AR, et al. Risk of progression to diabetes among older adults with prediabetes. JAMA Intern Med. 2021;181:511–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.8774.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Anjana RM, Rani CSS, Deepa M, Pradeepa R, Sudha V, Nair HD, et al. Incidence of diabetes and prediabetes and predictors of progression among Asian Indians: 10-year follow-up of the Chennai urban rural epidemiology study (CURES). Diabetes Care. 2015;38:1441–8. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc14-2814.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pradeepa R, Mohan V. Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes in India. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2021;69:2932–8. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_1627_21.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tabák AG, Herder C, Rathmann W, Brunner EJ, Kivimäki M, Prediabetes. A high-risk state for diabetes development. Lancet. 2012;379:2279–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60283-9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Narayan K, Kondal D, Kobes S, Staimez LR, Mohan D, Gujral UP, et al. Incidence of diabetes in South Asian young adults compared to Pima Indians. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001988.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Narayan KMV, Kanaya AM. Why are South Asians prone to type 2 diabetes? A hypothesis based on underexplored pathways. Diabetologia. 2020;63:1103–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-020-05132-5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tuso P. Prediabetes and lifestyle modification: time to prevent a preventable disease. Perm J. 2014;18:88–93. https://doi.org/10.7812/TPP/14-002.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Mary S, Mukesh B, Bhaskar AD, Vijay V. The Indian diabetes prevention programme shows that lifestyle modification and Metformin prevent type 2 diabetes in Asian Indian subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IDPP-1). Diabetologia. 2006;49:289–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00125-005-0097-Z.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Perreault L, Pan Q, Mather KJ, Watson KE, Hamman RF, Kahn SE. Effect of regression from prediabetes to normal glucose regulation on long-term reduction in diabetes risk: results from the diabetes prevention program outcomes study. Lancet. 2012;379:2243–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60525-X.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Galaviz KI, Weber MB, Suvada K, Gujral UP, Wei J, Merchant R, et al. Interventions for reversing prediabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Prev Med. 2022;62:614–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2021.10.020.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dagogo-Jack S, Umekwe N, Brewer AA, Owei I, Mupparaju V, Rosenthal R, et al. Outcome of lifestyle intervention in relation to duration of pre-diabetes: the pathobiology and reversibility of prediabetes in a biracial cohort (PROP-ABC) study. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2021-002748.

Article