Dunlay SM, Roger VL, Redfield MM (2017) Epidemiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Nat Rev Cardiol 14(10):591–602

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Franssen C, Chen S, Hamdani N, Paulus WJ (2016) From comorbidities to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a story of oxidative stress. Heart 102(4):320–330

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Paulus WJ, Tschöpe C (2013) A novel paradigm for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: comorbidities drive myocardial dysfunction and remodeling through coronary microvascular endothelial inflammation. J Am Coll Cardiol 62(4):263–271

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Iorio A, Pozzi A, Senni M (2017) Addressing the heterogeneity of heart failure in future randomized trials. Curr Heart Fail Rep 14(3):197–202

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lucà F, Oliva F, Abrignani MG, Di Fusco SA, Gori M, Giubilato S et al (2024) Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: how to deal with this chameleon. J Clin Med 13(5):1375

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Barandiarán Aizpurua A, Sanders-van Wijk S, Brunner-La Rocca HP, Henkens M, Heymans S, Beussink-Nelson L et al (2020) Validation of the HFA-PEFF score for the diagnosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail 22(3):413–421

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pieske B, Tschöpe C, de Boer RA, Fraser AG, Anker SD, Donal E et al (2019) How to diagnose heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: the HFA–PEFF diagnostic algorithm: a consensus recommendation from the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 40(40):3297–317

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sepehrvand N, Alemayehu W, Dyck GJB, Dyck JRB, Anderson T, Howlett J et al (2019) External validation of the H < sub > 2 F-PEF model in diagnosing patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. Circulation 139(20):2377–2379

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oghina S, Bougouin W, Bézard M, Kharoubi M, Komajda M, Cohen-Solal A et al (2021) The impact of patients with cardiac amyloidosis in HFpEF trials. JACC: Heart Failure 9(3):169–78

PubMed  Google Scholar 

McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, Gardner RS, Baumbach A, Böhm M et al (2021) 2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: developed by the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European society of cardiology (ESC) with the special contribution of the heart failure association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J 42(36):3599–3726

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM et al (2022) 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: A report of the American college of Cardiology/American heart association joint committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation 145(18):e895–e1032

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Borbély A, van der Velden J, Papp Z, Bronzwaer JG, Edes I, Stienen GJ et al (2005) Cardiomyocyte stiffness in diastolic heart failure. Circulation 111(6):774–781

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Heerebeek L, Borbély A, Niessen HW, Bronzwaer JG, van der Velden J, Stienen GJ et al (2006) Myocardial structure and function differ in systolic and diastolic heart failure. Circulation 113(16):1966–1973

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Westermann D, Lindner D, Kasner M, Zietsch C, Savvatis K, Escher F et al (2011) Cardiac inflammation contributes to changes in the extracellular matrix in patients with heart failure and normal ejection fraction. Circ Heart Fail 4(1):44–52

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chaturvedi RR, Herron T, Simmons R, Shore D, Kumar P, Sethia B et al (2010) Passive stiffness of myocardium from congenital heart disease and implications for diastole. Circulation 121(8):979–988

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Westermann D, Riad A, Richter U, Jäger S, Savvatis K, Schuchardt M et al (2009) Enhancement of the endothelial NO synthase attenuates experimental diastolic heart failure. Basic Res Cardiol 104(5):499–509

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Paulus WJ, Zile MR (2021) From systemic inflammation to myocardial fibrosis. Circ Res 128(10):1451–1467

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hidalgo C, Hudson B, Bogomolovas J, Zhu Y, Anderson B, Greaser M et al (2009) PKC phosphorylation of titin’s PEVK element: a novel and conserved pathway for modulating myocardial stiffness. Circ Res 105(7):631–638

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Krüger M, Kötter S, Grützner A, Lang P, Andresen C, Redfield MM et al (2009) Protein kinase G modulates human myocardial passive stiffness by phosphorylation of the Titin springs. Circ Res 104(1):87–94

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fukuda N, Wu Y, Nair P, Granzier HL (2005) Phosphorylation of Titin modulates passive stiffness of cardiac muscle in a Titin isoform-dependent manner. J Gen Physiol 125(3):257–271

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu Y, Chen J, Fontes SK, Bautista EN, Cheng Z (2022) Physiological and pathological roles of protein kinase A in the heart. Cardiovasc Res 118(2):386–398

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Heerebeek L, Hamdani N, Handoko ML, Falcao-Pires I, Musters RJ, Kupreishvili K et al (2008) Diastolic stiffness of the failing diabetic heart: importance of fibrosis, advanced glycation end products, and myocyte resting tension. Circulation 117(1):43–51

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

D’Amario D, Laborante R, Bianchini E, Ciliberti G, Paglianiti DA, Galli M et al (2024) Impact of coronary microvascular dysfunction in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a meta-analysis. ESC Heart Fail 11(4):2063–75

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Haykowsky MJ, Brubaker PH, Stewart KP, Morgan TM, Eggebeen J, Kitzman DW (2012) Effect of endurance training on the determinants of peak exercise oxygen consumption in elderly patients with stable compensated heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol 60(2):120–128

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kasner M, Westermann D, Lopez B, Gaub R, Escher F, Kühl U et al (2011) Diastolic tissue Doppler indexes correlate with the degree of collagen expression and cross-linking in heart failure and normal ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol 57(8):977–85

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chakraborty S, Dutta A, Roy A, Joshi A, Basak T (2025) The theatrics of collagens in the myocardium: the supreme architect of the fibrotic heart. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 328(6):C1893–c920

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

González A, Ravassa S, Beaumont J, López B, Díez J (2011) New targets to treat the structural remodeling of the myocardium. J Am Coll Cardiol 58(18):1833–1843

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Borlaug BA, Jensen MD, Kitzman DW, Lam CSP, Obokata M, Rider OJ (2023) Obesity and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: new insights and pathophysiological targets. Cardiovasc Res 118(18):3434–3450

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Giugni FR, Yang Y, Claggett B, Lamberson V, Solomon SD, Lutsey PL et al (2025) Differential associations of Cardiac, Pulmonary, Arterial, and muscle physiological parameters and biomarkers with the incidence of HFpEF and HFrEF. JACC Heart Fail 13(8):102483

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Feldschuh J, Enson Y (1977) Prediction of the normal blood volume. Relation of blood volume to body habitus. Circulation 56(4 Pt 1):605–612

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Morris JH, Chen L (2019) Exercise training and heart failure: a review of the literature. Card Fail Rev 5(1):57–61

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ronco C, Haapio M, House AA, Anavekar N, Bellomo R (2008) Cardiorenal syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 52(19):1527–1539

Article