Porter JL, Varacallo M, Castano M. Osteoporosis (Nursing). StatPearls [Internet]: StatPearls Publishing; 2023.
Rosen CJ et al. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of osteoporosis. In: Feingold KR, Ahmed SF, Anawalt B, Blackman MR, Boyce A, Chrousos G, editors. Endotext2000.
Varacallo MA, Fox EJ. Osteoporosis and its complications. Med Clin North Am. 2014;98(4):817–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2014.03.007.
Lee SH, Dargent-Molina P, Bréart G. Risk factors for fractures of the proximal humerus: results from the EPIDOS prospective study. J Bone Miner Res. 2002;17(5):817–25.
Olsson C, Nordquist A, Petersson CJ. Long-term outcome of a proximal humerus fracture predicted after 1 year: a 13-year prospective population-based follow-up study of 47 patients. Acta Orthop. 2005;76(3):397–402.
Court-Brown CM, Caesar B. Epidemiology of adult fractures: A review. Injury. 2006;37(8):691–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2006.
Palvanen M, Kannus P, Niemi S, Parkkari J. Update in the epidemiology of proximal humeral fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;442:87–92. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.blo.0000194672.79634.78.
Clarke B. Normal bone anatomy and physiology. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;3(Supplement3):S131–9.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zhu L, Tang Y, Li X-Y, Keller ET, Yang J, Cho J-S, et al. Osteoclast-mediated bone resorption is controlled by a compensatory network of secreted and membrane-tethered metalloproteinases. Sci Transl Med. 2020;12(529):eaaw6143.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Long F. Building strong bones: molecular regulation of the osteoblast lineage. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2012;13(1):27–38.
Feng X, McDonald JM. Disorders of bone remodeling. Annu Rev Pathol. 2011;6(1):121–45.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Parfitt AM. The coupling of bone formation to bone resorption: a critical analysis of the concept and of its relevance to the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Elsevier; 1982. pp. 1–6.
Adejuyigbe B, Kallini J, Chiou D, Kallini JR. Osteoporosis: molecular pathology, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(19):14583.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Cummings SR, Browner W, Black D, Nevitt M, Genant H, Cauley J, et al. Bone density at various sites for prediction of hip fractures. Lancet. 1993;341(8837):72–5.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kalpakcioglu BB, Morshed S, Engelke K, Genant HK. Advanced imaging of bone macrostructure and microstructure in bone fragility and fracture repair. J Bone Joint Surg. 2008;90(Supplement1):68–78.
Ciarelli T, Fyhrie D, Schaffler M, Goldstein S. Variations in three-dimensional cancellous bone architecture of the proximal femur in female hip fractures and in controls. J Bone Miner Res. 2000;15(1):32–40.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
He Z, Chu L, Liu X, Han X, Zhang K, Yan M, et al. Differences in subchondral trabecular bone microstructure and finite element analysis-based biomechanical properties between osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. J Orthop Translat. 2020;24:39–45.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Legrand E, Chappard D, Pascaretti C, Duquenne M, Krebs S, Rohmer V, et al. Trabecular bone microarchitecture, bone mineral density, and vertebral fractures in male osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2000;15(1):13–9.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Liu XS, Sajda P, Saha PK, Wehrli FW, Guo XE. Quantification of the roles of trabecular microarchitecture and trabecular type in determining the elastic modulus of human trabecular bone. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21(10):1608–17.
Parfitt A, Mathews C, Villanueva A, Kleerekoper M, Frame B, Rao D. Relationships between surface, volume, and thickness of Iliac trabecular bone in aging and in osteoporosis. Implications for the microanatomic and cellular mechanisms of bone loss. J Clin Invest. 1983;72(4):1396–409.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Calvo E, Morcillo D, Foruria AM, Redondo-Santamaría E, Osorio-Picorne F, Caeiro JR. Nondisplaced proximal humeral fractures: high incidence among outpatient-treated osteoporotic fractures and severe impact on upper extremity function and patient subjective health perception. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2011;20(5):795–801.
Prince RL, Lewis JR, Lim WH, Wong G, Wilson KE, Khoo BC, et al. Adding lateral spine imaging for vertebral fractures to densitometric screening: improving ascertainment of patients at high risk of incident osteoporotic fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 2019;34(2):282–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.3595.
Rachner TD, Hofbauer LC, Göbel A, Tsourdi E. Novel therapies in osteoporosis: PTH-related peptide analogs and inhibitors of sclerostin. J Mol Endocrinol. 2019;62(2):R145–54. https://doi.org/10.1530/jme-18-0173.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Johnell O, Kanis J. An estimate of the worldwide prevalence and disability associated with osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17(12):1726–33.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Hsu SH, Chen LR, Chen KH. Primary osteoporosis induced by androgen and estrogen deficiency: the molecular and cellular perspective on pathophysiological mechanisms and treatments. Int J Mol Sci. 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252212139.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Panday K, Gona A, Humphrey MB. Medication-induced osteoporosis: screening and treatment strategies. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2014;6(5):185–202. https://doi.org/10.1177/1759720x14546350.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sobh MM, Abdalbary M, Elnagar S, Nagy E, Elshabrawy N, Abdelsalam M, et al. Secondary osteoporosis and metabolic bone diseases. J Clin Med. 2022;11(9):2382. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11092382.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Pouresmaeili F, Kamalidehghan B, Kamarehei M, Goh YM. A comprehensive overview on osteoporosis and its risk factors. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2018;14:2029–49. https://doi.org/10.2147/tcrm.S138000.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Schumaier A, Grawe B. Proximal humerus fractures: evaluation and management in the elderly patient. Geriatr Orthop Surg Rehabil. 2018;9:2151458517750516. https://doi.org/10.1177/2151458517750516.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Court-Brown CM, Garg A, McQueen MM. The epidemiology of proximal humeral fractures. Acta Orthop Scand. 2001;72(4):365–71.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Karl JW, Olson PR, Rosenwasser MP. The epidemiology of upper extremity fractures in the united States, 2009. J Orthop Trauma. 2015;29(8):e242-4.
Launonen AP, Lepola V, Saranko A, Flinkkilä T, Laitinen M, Mattila VM. Epidemiology of proximal humerus fractures. Arch Osteoporos. 2015;10(1):2.
Sumrein B, Huttunen T, Launonen A, Berg H, Felländer-Tsai L, Mattila V. Proximal humeral fractures in Sweden—a registry-based study. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28(3):901–7.
Comments (0)