Sakthivel PBD. Mechanism of granuloma formation in sarcoidosis. Curr Opin Hematol. 2017;24:59–65. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOH.0000000000000301.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rybicki BAMMPJMMJLMC. Racial differences in sarcoidosis incidence: A 5-Year study in a health maintenance organization. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;145:234–41. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009096.

Arkema Ev CYC. Sarcoidosis epidemiology: recent estimates of incidence, prevalence and risk factors. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2020;26:527–34.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Erdal BS, Clymer BD, Yildiz VO, Julian MW, Crouser ED. Unexpectedly high prevalence of sarcoidosis in a representative U.S. Metropolitan population. Respir Med. 2012;106(6):893–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2012.02.007.

Mirsaeidi M, Machado RF, Schraufnagel D, Sweiss NJ, Baughman RP. Racial difference in sarcoidosis mortality in the united States. Chest. 2015;147(2):438–49. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.14-1120.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Belperio JA, Fishbein MC, Abtin F, Channick J, Balasubramanian SA, Lynch Iii JP. Pulmonary sarcoidosis: A comprehensive review: past to present. J Autoimmun. 2024;149:103107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2023.103107.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nunes H, Uzunhan Y, Gille T, Lamberto C, Valeyre D, Brillet PY. Imaging of sarcoidosis of the airways and lung parenchyma and correlation with lung function. Eur Respir J. 2012;40(3):750–65. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00025212.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Casal A, Suarez-Antelo J, Soto-Feijoo R, et al. Sarcoidosis. Disease progression based on radiological and functional course: predictive factors. Heart Lung. 2022;56:62–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2022.06.020.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baughman RP, Valeyre D, Korsten P, et al. ERS clinical practice guidelines on treatment of sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J. 2021;58(6). https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.04079-2020

Grunewald J, Grutters JC, Arkema EV, Saketkoo LA, Moller DR, Muller-Quernheim J, Sarcoidosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019;4(1):45. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-019-0096-x.

Article  Google Scholar 

Crouser ED, Maier LA, Wilson KC, et al. Diagnosis and detection of sarcoidosis. An official American thoracic society clinical practice guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care. 2020;15(8):e26–51. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202002-0251ST.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kirkil G, Lower EE, Baughman RP. Predictors of mortality in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Chest. 2018;153(1):105–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2017.07.008.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Belperio JA, Shaikh F, Abtin FG et al. Diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary sarcoidosis: a review. Jama. 2022;327(9):856–867. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.1570

Chappell AG, Cheung WY, Hutchings HA. Sarcoidosis: a long-term follow up study. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 2000;17(2):167–73.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sharp M, Psoter KJ, Balasubramanian A, et al. Heterogeneity of lung function phenotypes in sarcoidosis: role of race and sex differences. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2023;20(1):30–7. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.202204-328OC.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Obi ON. Pulmonary sarcoidosis: beyond restriction and forced vital capacity. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2023;20(1):24–6. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.202208-731ED.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Handa T, Nagai S, Fushimi Y, et al. Clinical and radiographic indices associated with airflow limitation in patients with sarcoidosis. Chest. 2006;130(6):1851–6. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.130.6.1851.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baughman RP, Nunes H, Sweiss NJ, Lower EE. Established and experimental medical therapy of pulmonary sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J. 2013;41(6):1424–38. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00060612.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jeny F, Uzunhan Y, Lacroix M, et al. Predictors of mortality in fibrosing pulmonary sarcoidosis. Respir Med. 2020;169:105997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2020.105997.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lynch JP. 3rd. Computed tomographic scanning in sarcoidosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;24(4):393–418. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-42375.

Ji HL, Xi NMS, Mohan C, et al. Biomarkers and molecular endotypes of sarcoidosis: lessons from omics and non-omics studies. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1342429. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1342429.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Trivieri MG, Spagnolo P, Birnie D, et al. Challenges in cardiac and pulmonary sarcoidosis: JACC State-of-the-Art review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;20(16):1878–901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.042.

Article  Google Scholar 

Margaritopoulos GA, Proklou A, Lagoudaki E, Voloudaki A, Siafakas NM, Antoniou KM. Sarcoidosis in a 65-year-old woman presenting with a lung mass and pericardial effusion: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2012;31:6:259. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-1947-6-259.

Article  Google Scholar 

Aye M, Campbell AP, Greenstone MA. An unusual case of Lobar collapse. Chest. 2002;122(4):1465–6. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.122.4.1465.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Handa T, Nagai S, Miki S, et al. Incidence of pulmonary hypertension and its clinical relevance in patients with sarcoidosis. Chest. 2006;129(5):1246–52. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.129.5.1246.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Duong H, Bonham CA. Sarcoidosis-associated pulmonary hypertension: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Clin Pulm Med. 2018;25(2):52–60. https://doi.org/10.1097/CPM.0000000000000252.

Singha A, Liao SY, Herman DD, et al. Summary for clinicians: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and detection of sarcoidosis. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2020;17(12):1510–5. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.202007-874CME.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Donnelly R, McDermott M, McManus G, et al. Meta-analysis of [(18)F]FDG-PET/CT in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Eur Radiol. 2024;23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-024-10949-4.

Vender RJ, Aldahham H, Gupta R. The role of PET in the management of sarcoidosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2022;1(5):485–91. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0000000000000892.

Article  Google Scholar 

Paramothayan NS, Lasserson TJ, Jones PW. Corticosteroids for pulmonary sarcoidosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;18(2):CD001114. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001114.pub2.

Article  Google Scholar 

Broos CE, Poell LHC, Looman CWN, et al. No evidence found for an association between prednisone dose and FVC change in newly-treated pulmonary sarcoidosis. Respir Med. 2018;138S:S31–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2017.10.022.

McKinzie BP, Bullington WM, Mazur JE, Judson MA. Efficacy of short-course, low-dose corticosteroid therapy for acute pulmonary sarcoidosis exacerbations. Am J Med Sci. 2010;339(1):1–4. https://doi.org/10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181b97635.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baughman RP, Iannuzzi MC, Lower EE, et al. Use of fluticasone in acute symptomatic pulmonary sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 2002;19(3):198–204.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Milman N, Graudal N, Grode G, Munch E. No effect of high-dose inhaled steroids in pulmonary sarcoidosis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Intern Med. 1994;236(3):285–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.1994.tb00798.x.

du Bois RM, Greenhalgh PM, Southcott AM, Johnson NM, Harris TA. Randomized trial of inhaled fluticasone propionate in chronic stable pulmonary sarcoidosis: a pilot study. Eur Respir J. 1999;13(6):1345–50. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.99.13613519.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rossides M, Kullberg S, Grunewald J, et al. Risk of acute myocardial infarction in sarcoidosis: A population-based cohort study from Sweden. Respir Med. 2021;188:106624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2021.106624.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Entrop JP, Kullberg S, Grunewald J, Eklund A, Brismar K, Arkema EV. Type 2 diabetes risk in sarcoidosis patients untreated and treated with corticosteroids. ERJ Open Res. 021;7(2). https://doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00028-2021.

Rahaghi FF, Baughman RP, Saketkoo LA, et al. Delphi consensus recommendations for a treatment algorithm in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Eur Respir Rev. 2020;31(155). https://doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0146-2019.

Kahlmann V, Janssen Bonás M, Moor CC, et al. First-Line treatment of pulmonary sarcoidosis with prednisone or methotrexate. N Engl J Med. 2025;18. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2501443.

Baughman RP, Winget DB, Lower EE. Methotrexate is steroid sparing in acute sarcoidosis: results of a double blind, randomized trial. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 2000;17(1):60–6.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fang C, Zhang Q, Wang N, Jing X, Xu Z. Effectiveness and tolerability of methotrexate in pulmonary sarcoidosis: A single center real-world study. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 2019;36(3):217–27. https://doi.org/10.36141/svdld.v36i3.8449.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cremers JP, Drent M, Bast A, et al. Multinational evidence-based world association of sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders recommendations for the use of methotrexate in sarcoidosis: integrating systematic literature research and expert opinion of sarcoidologists worldwide. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2013;19(5):545–61. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0b013e3283642a7a.

Kwon S, Judson MA. Clinical Pharmacology in sarcoidosis: how to use and monitor sarcoidosis medications. J Clin Med. 2024;22(5).