No distinct estrogenic or androgenic activity was observed in Korean red ginseng metabolites prepared using a S9 system

Available online 29 January 2026, 100989

Author links open overlay panel, , , , , Abstract

We determined whether Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) extract and ginsenosides (Rb1, Rg1, or Rg3) have estrogen receptor-mediated or androgen receptor-mediated activities using OECD TG455/458 assays with S9 metabolic activation. They did not elicit both hormonal receptor-mediated responses. KRG extract and ginsenosides do not have male and female sex hormone-like activity.

Graphical abstract