TCM

traditional Chinese medicine

HRCE

Halophyte red ginseng complex extract

MMP

Matrix Metalloproteinases

JNK

c-Jun N-terminal kinase

p38

mitogen-activated protein kinase p38

ERK

extracellular signal-regulated kinase

PI3K

phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase

AKT

serine-threonine Protein Kinase

NF-κB

nuclear factor kappa B

TEWL

transepidermal water loss

HAS-2

Hyaluronan Synthase 2

SPTLC2

Serine Palmitoyltransferase Long Chain Base Subunit 2

TNF-α

tumor necrosis factor

FBGE

fermented black ginseng extract

VMP1

vacuole membrane protein 1

FAMCGSs

fermented and aged mountain-cultivated ginseng sprouts

PGL

processed ginseng leaves

GFRS

Ginseng berry rare saponins

Nrf2

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2

GPX4

Glutathione peroxidase 4

GrDENs

ginseng root-derived exosome-like nanoparticles

SPINK5

serine protease inhibitor Kazal type-5

KLK

kallikrein related peptidase

PAR2

protease-activated receptor 2

DNCB

1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene

NHKs

normal human keratinocytes

SA-β-Gal

Senescence-Associated β-Galactosidase

GDNPs

ginseng-derived nanoparticles

LPAs

lysophosphatidic acids

VEGF

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

EGFR

epidermal growth factor receptor

HB-EGF

heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor

PDRN

polydeoxyribonucleotide

TEER

transepithelial electrical resistance

HER2

human epidermal growth factor receptor 2

CETSA

cellular thermal shift assay

α-MSH

α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

GK-1

green berry cultivar K-1

L-DOPA

L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine

TYRP

tyrosinase-related protein

CREB

cyclic AMP response element-binding protein

MITF

microphthalmia-associated transcription factor

KGO

Korean red ginseng oil

cAMP

adenosine cyclic 3′

guanosine cyclic 3′

5′-monophosphate

EVs

extracellular vesicles

IBMX

3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine

FSK

Mel-Ab stimulated by Forskolin

HEMn-MPs

human primary skin epidermal melanocytes

9-hpf

9-hours post-fertilization

PTS

protopanaxatriol saponins

PDS

protopanaxadiol saponins

Smad

Suppressor of mother against decapentaplegic

TGF-β

transforming growth factor-β

ARP

adventitious root protein

GPs

Ginseng-derived peptides

HSF

human skin fibroblasts

FPNP

Panax notoginseng roots polysaccharides

GOPs

Ginseng oligopeptides

pnFE

Panax notoginseng fermented extract

PNO

Panax notoginseng oligosaccharides

PCNA

proliferating cell nuclear antigen

CDK4

cyclin-dependent kinase 4

TG

tissue-cultured mountain-grown ginseng

GFFG

solid-state fermented ginseng

WAD

Withagenin A Diglucoside

WHEG

hot water extract of fresh P. ginseng roots

GNEV

ginseng non-edible callus-derived extracellular vesicle

DRAM2

DNA damage-regulated autophagy modulator 2