Available online 10 January 2026, 151580

Author links open overlay panelEmily M Scire MD, MBE a b, Dario O Fauza MD, PhD aShow moreAccess through your organization

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Access through your organizationSection snippetsSurgical ethics

Ambitious, physician-led innovations in pediatric surgery have included the development of both successful and unsuccessful techniques, with much oversight variation.1, 2, 3 In the wake of anesthesia and antisepsis revolutions of the mid-1800s, modern surgery was born. In the early 1900s, many medical graduates began taking up surgery without formal training, so in 1913,the American College of Surgeons (ACS) was founded to help provide professional self-regulation.1 The ACS condemned improper

Declaration of competing interest

None of the authors have any conflict of interest to disclose.

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