Wallace AM, Foronjy RE (2019) Electronic cigarettes: not evidence-based cessation. Transl Lung Cancer Res 8(Suppl 1):S7–S10. https://doi.org/10.21037/tlcr.2019.03.08.

Chen R, Pierce JP, Leas EC, Benmarhnia T, Strong DR, White MM et al (2022) Effectiveness of e-cigarettes as aids for smoking cessation: evidence from the PATH study cohort, 2017–2019. Tob Control. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056901

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hariri LP, Flashner BM, Kanarek DJ, O’Donnell WJ, Soskis A, Ziehr DR et al (2022) E-Cigarette Use, small airway Fibrosis, and constrictive bronchiolitis. NEJM Evid. https://doi.org/10.1056/evidoa2100051

Tobore TO (2019) On the potential harmful effects of E-Cigarettes (EC) on the developing brain: the relationship between vaping-induced oxidative stress and adolescent/young adults social maladjustment. J Adolesc 76:202–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.09.004

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Singh S, Windle SB, Filion KB, Thombs BD, O’Loughlin JL, Grad R et al (2020) E-cigarettes and youth: patterns of use, potential harms, and recommendations. Prev Med 133:106009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106009

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Soneji S, Barrington-Trimis JL, Wills TA, Leventhal AM, Unger JB, Gibson LA et al (2017) Association between initial use of e-Cigarettes and subsequent cigarette smoking among adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr 171(8):788–797. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.1488

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hughes J, Sykes G, Hughes K, O’Reilly M, Goodwin J, Sutton C et al (2021) From gateways to multilinear connections: a qualitative longitudinal investigation of the relationships between vaping and smoking among adolescent users. Int J Drug Policy 97:103341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103341

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Edmonds PJ, Copeland C, Conger A, Richmond BW (2020) Vaping-induced diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. Respir Med Case Rep 29:100996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.100996

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Garcia-Arcos I, Geraghty P, Baumlin N, Campos M, Dabo AJ, Jundi B et al (2016) Chronic electronic cigarette exposure in mice induces features of COPD in a nicotine-dependent manner. Thorax 71(12):1119–1129. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-208039

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mull ES, Shell R, Adler B, Holtzlander M (2020) Bronchiectasis associated with electronic cigarette use: a case series. Pediatr Pulmonol 55(12):3443–3449. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.25062

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liber AC, Cahn Z, Diaz MC, Donovan E, Vallone D, Schillo B (2021) The EVALI outbreak and tobacco sales in the USA, 2014–2020. Tob Control. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056807

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ellington S, Salvatore PP, Ko J, Danielson M, Kim L, Cyrus A et al (2020) Update: product, Substance-Use, and demographic characteristics of hospitalized patients in a nationwide outbreak of E-cigarette, or Vaping, product Use-Associated lung Injury - United States, August 2019-January 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 69(2):44–49. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6902e2

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gao N, Rezaee F (2022) Airway epithelial cell junctions as targets for pathogens and antimicrobial therapy. Pharmaceutics. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14122619

Bustamante-Marin XM, Ostrowski LE (2017) Cilia and mucociliary clearance. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 9(4). https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a028241

De Jesus-Rojas W, Shapiro AJ, Shoemark A (2024) Respiratory aspects of primary ciliary dyskinesia. Clin Chest Med 45(3):717–. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccm.2024.02.020.  28

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Simet SM, Sisson JH, Pavlik JA, Devasure JM, Boyer C, Liu X et al (2010) Long-term cigarette smoke exposure in a mouse model of ciliated epithelial cell function. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 43(6):635–640. https://doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2009-0297OC

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thomas B, Rutman A, Hirst RA, Haldar P, Wardlaw AJ, Bankart J et al (2010) Ciliary dysfunction and ultrastructural abnormalities are features of severe asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 126(4):722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2010.05.046.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chung S, Baumlin N, Dennis JS, Moore R, Salathe SF, Whitney PL et al (2019) Electronic cigarette vapor with nicotine causes airway mucociliary dysfunction preferentially via TRPA1 receptors. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 200(9):1134–1145. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201811-2087OC

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Carson JL, Zhou L, Brighton L, Mills KH, Zhou H, Jaspers I et al (2017) Temporal structure/function variation in cultured differentiated human nasal epithelium associated with acute single exposure to tobacco smoke or E-cigarette vapor. Inhal Toxicol 29(3):137–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/08958378.2017.1318985

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Raduka A, Gao N, Chatburn RL, Rezaee F (2023) Electronic cigarette exposure disrupts airway epithelial barrier function and exacerbates viral infection. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 325(5):L580–L93. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00135.2023

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Beaumont AL, Raduka A, Gao N, Lee CE, Chatburn RL, Rezaee F (2025) The impact of electronic cigarettes on airway epithelial barrier integrity in preclinical mouse model. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 328(4):L564–L70. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00408.2024

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Durra A, Cherry C, Luo C, Hou E, Frauenpreis A, Purkayastha A et al (2025) Unflavored electronic cigarette exposure induces alterations in airway ciliary structure and function. Respir Res 26(1):223. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-025-03302-w

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Suryadinata R, Martinello P, Bennett-Wood V, Robinson P (2024) Heterozygous Cis HYDIN mutations cause primary ciliary dyskinesia. Med. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medj.2024.08.007

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Suryadinata R, Levin K, Holsworth L, Paraskeva M, Robinson P (2021) Airway cilia recovery post lung transplantation. Immun Inflamm Dis 9(4):1716–1723. https://doi.org/10.1002/iid3.527

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fadus MC, Smith TT, Squeglia LM (2019) The rise of e-cigarettes, pod mod devices, and JUUL among youth: factors influencing use, health implications, and downstream effects. Drug Alcohol Depend 201:85–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.04.011

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tokle R, Brunborg GS, Vedoy TF (2022) Adolescents’ use of nicotine-Free and nicotine E-Cigarettes: a longitudinal study of vaping transitions and vaper characteristics. Nicotine Tob Res 24(3):400–407. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntab192

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Leung J, Tisdale C, Choi J, Ellem R, Davidson L, Chan GCK et al (2023) E-Cigarette use among high school students-a cross-sectional study of associated risk factors for the use of Flavour-Only and nicotine vapes. Int J Ment Health Ad. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-023-01099-7

Article  Google Scholar 

Manna VJ, Dwyer S, Pizutelli V, Caradonna SJ (2024) Utilizing primary human airway mucociliary tissue cultures to model ramifications of chronic E-cigarette usage. Toxicol Vitro 94:105725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105725

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ghosh B, Reyes-Caballero H, Akgun-Olmez SG, Nishida K, Chandrala L, Smirnova L et al (2020) Effect of sub-chronic exposure to cigarette smoke, electronic cigarette and waterpipe on human lung epithelial barrier function. BMC Pulm Med 20(1):216. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-020-01255-y

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Herr C, Tsitouras K, Niederstrasser J, Backes C, Beisswenger C, Dong L et al (2020) Cigarette smoke and electronic cigarettes differentially activate bronchial epithelial cells. Respir Res 21(1):67. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-020-1317-2

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar