Wang Y, Deng B. Hepatocellular carcinoma: molecular mechanism, targeted therapy, and biomarkers. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2023;42:629–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-023-10084-4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hartke J, Johnson M, Ghabril M. The diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Diagn Pathol. 2017;34(2):153–159. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semdp.2016.12.011.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li Q, Cao M, Lei L, Yang F, Li H, Yan X, He S, Zhang S, Teng Y, Xia C, Chen W. Burden of liver cancer: from epidemiology to prevention. Chin J Cancer Res. 2022;34(6):579–594. https://doi.org/10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2022.06.02.

Article  Google Scholar 

Wang W, Wei C. Advances in the early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gene Dis. 2020;7(1):12–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gendis.2020.01.014.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Philips CA, Rajesh S, Nair DC, Ahamed R, Abduljaleel JK, Augustin P. Hepatocellular carcinoma in 2021: an exhaustive update. Cureus. 2021;13(9):e19274. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.19274.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Safri F, Nguyen R, Zerehpooshnesfchi S, George J, Qiao L. Heterogeneity of hepatocellular carcinoma: from mechanisms to clinical implications. Cancer Gene Ther. 2024;31:1105–1112. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41417-024-00764-w.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alawyia B, Constantinou C. Hepatocellular carcinoma: a narrative review on current knowledge and prospects. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2023;24:711–724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11864-023-01098-9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rikiishi H. Autophagic and apoptotic effects of HDAC inhibitors on cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res. 2011;1813(5):683–691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.11.003

Google Scholar 

Marei HE, Althani A, Afifi N, Hasan A, Caceci T, Pozzoli G, et al. p53 signaling in cancer progression and therapy. Cancer Cell Int. 2021;21:566. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-021-02251-y.

Article  Google Scholar 

Pandit D, Sanganabasappa RB, Dhillon A, Chakrabarty S. PCNA in pan-cancer: a prognostic biomarker unveiled through a data-driven, multidimensional analysis of transcriptomics, immunity, and functional profiling. Front Oncol. 2021;11:682583. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2021.682583.

Article  Google Scholar 

Newman DJ, Cragg GM. Natural products as sources of new drugs over the nearly four decades from 01/1981 to 09/2019. J Nat Prod. 2020;83(3):770–803. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01285.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dehelean CA, Marcovici I, Soica C, Mioc M, Coricovac D, Iurciuc S, et al. Plant-derived anticancer compounds as new perspectives in drug discovery and alternative therapy. Molecules. 2021;26(4):1109. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041109.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kangra K, Kakkar S, Mittal V, Kumar V, Aggarwal N, Chopra H, et al. Incredible use of plant-derived bioactives as anticancer agents. RSC Adv. 2025;15:1721–1738. https://doi.org/10.1039/D4RA05089D.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hashim GM, Shahgolzari M, et al. Plant-derived anti-cancer therapeutics and biopharmaceuticals. Bioengineering. 2025;12(1):7. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12010007.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tayade SK, Patil DA. Stem anatomical studies in some convolvulaceae. Life Sci Leafl. 2013;36:29–34.

Google Scholar 

Aron S, Bose NMFJ, Mehalingam P. Pharmacognostic evaluation of Stem, Leaves, and roots of Merremia tridentata. L.) Hallier f.; 2013. pp. 693–698.

Sy PB, Gaye AA, Fall A. Assay of total polyphenols, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins and determination of the antioxidant activity of different extracts of Merremia tridentata leaves. Science. 2022;10(4):120–125.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Kasthuri K, Kumaravel V, Lakshmanan K. Ethnomedicinal insights and pharmacological potential of Merremia tridentata: a systematic review. J Chem Health Risks. 2025;15(4):2541–59.

Google Scholar 

Karanam G, Arumugam MK, Sirpu Natesh N. Anticancer effect of marine sponge-associated Bacillus pumilus AMK1-derived dipeptide cyclo(-Pro-Tyr) in human liver cancer cell line through apoptosis and G2/M phase arrest. Int J Pept Res Ther. 2019;25(4):1381–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10989-019-09850-2.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Karanam G, Kumar M. Reactive oxygen species generation and mitochondrial dysfunction for the initiation of apoptotic cell death in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells by a cyclic dipeptide cyclo(-Pro-Tyr). Mol Biol Rep. 2020;47(5):3745–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-020-05407-5.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Liu K, Liu PC, Liu R, Wu X. Dual AO/EB staining to detect apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells compared with flow cytometry. Med Sci Monit Basic Res. 2015;21:15–20. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSMBR.893218.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gallardo-Escárate C, Álvarez-Borrego J, Brand EV, Dupré E, Río-Portilla MAD. Relationship between DAPI-fluorescence fading and nuclear DNA content: an alternative method to DNA quantification. Biol Res. 2007;40(1):29–40. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0716-97602007000100004.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jiang J, Yu S, Jiang Z, Liang C, Yu W, Li J, et al. N-acetyl-serotonin protects HepG2 cells from oxidative stress injury induced by hydrogen peroxide. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2014;2014:310504. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/310504.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rastogi RP, Singh SP, Häder DP, Sinha RP. Detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the oxidant-sensing probe 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate in the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis PCC 7937. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010;397(3):603–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.06.006.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li T, Xu WS, Wu GS, Chen XP, Wang YT, Lu JJ. Platycodin D induces apoptosis, and inhibits adhesion, migration and invasion in HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Molecules. 2014;19(11):17435–54. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules191117435.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Davis WL, Schmid KO, Huettner JW, Farmer GR. Immunolocalization of secretory protein-I or chromogranin A in amphibian urinary bladder granular cell granules. Cell Biol Int Rep. 1990;14(7):601–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/0309-1651(90)90040-6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schwartz SM. Epidemiology of cancer. Clin Chem. 2024;70(1):140–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/hvad122.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

El-Serag HB. Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Liver Dis. 2020;24(4):555–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cld.2020.07.006.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kulik L, El-Serag HB. Epidemiology and management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2019;156(2):477–91.e1. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2018.08.065}

Emam MA, Khattab HI, Hegazy MGA. Assessment of anticancer activity of Pulicaria undulata on hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cell line. Egypt Pharm J. 2019;18(2):187–95. https://doi.org/10.4103/epj.epj_(4)19.

Article  Google Scholar 

Soladoye MO, Amusa NA, Raji-Esan SO, Chukwuma EC, Ayanbamiji AT. Ethnobotanical survey of anti-cancer plants in Ogun State, Nigeria. Ann Biol Res. 2010;1(4):261–73.

Google Scholar 

Cragg GM, Newman DJ. Plants as a source of anti-cancer agents. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;100(1–2):72–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.05.011.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang C, Li S, Ren H, Sheng Y, Wang T, Li M, Zhou Q, He H, Liu C. Anti-proliferation and pro-apoptotic effects of Diosmetin via modulating cell cycle arrest and mitochondria-mediated intrinsic apoptotic pathway in MDA-MB-231 cells. Med Sci Monit. 2019;25:4639–4647. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.914058.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chou CC, Yang JS, Lu HF, Ip SW, Lo C, Wu CC, Lin JP, Tang NY, Chung JG, Teng YH, Chen DR. Quercetin-mediated cell cycle arrest and apoptosis involving activation of a caspase cascade through the mitochondrial pathway in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Arch Pharm Res. 2010;33(8):1181–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-010-0808-y.

Article  CAS