Heloterä H, Kaarniranta K. A linkage between angiogenesis and inflammation in neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Cells. 2022;11:3453.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

ElSheikh RH, Chauhan MZ, Sallam AB. Current and novel therapeutic approaches for treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Biomolecules. 2022;12:1629.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mitchell P, Liew G, Gopinath B, Wong TY. Age-related macular degeneration. Lancet. 2018;392:1147–59.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ruan Y, Jiang S, Gericke A. Age-related macular degeneration: role of oxidative stress and blood vessels. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:1296.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ciulla TA, Huang F, Westby K, Williams DF, Zaveri S, Patel SC. Real-world outcomes of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy in neovascular age-related macular degeneration in the United States. Ophthalmol Retina. 2018;2:645–53.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Patel P, Sheth V. New and innovative treatments for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). J Clin Med. 2021;10:2436.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Phadte AS, Sluzala ZB, Fort PE. Therapeutic potential of alpha-crystallins in retinal neurodegenerative diseases. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021;10:1001.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xi J, Farjo R, Yoshida S, Kern TS, Swaroop A, Andley UP. A comprehensive analysis of the expression of crystallins in mouse retina. Mol Vis. 2003;9:410–9.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang L, Li X, Men X, Liu X, Luo J. Research progress on antioxidants and protein aggregation inhibitors in cataract prevention and therapy (Review). Mol Med Rep. 2025;31:22.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sprague-Piercy MA, Rocha MA, Kwok AO, Martin RW. alpha-Crystallins in the vertebrate eye lens: complex oligomers and molecular chaperones. Annu Rev Phys Chem. 2021;72:143–63.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Meehan S, Knowles TP, Baldwin AJ, Smith JF, Squires AM, Clements P, et al. Characterisation of amyloid fibril formation by small heat-shock chaperone proteins human alphaA-, alphaB- and R120G alphaB-crystallins. J Mol Biol. 2007;372:470–84.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yao J, Liu X, Yang Q, Zhuang M, Wang F, Chen X, et al. Proteomic analysis of the aqueous humor in patients with wet age-related macular degeneration. Proteomics Clin Appl. 2013;7:550–60.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nakata K, Crabb JW, Hollyfield JG. Crystallin distribution in Bruch’s membrane-choroid complex from AMD and age-matched donor eyes. Exp Eye Res. 2005;80:821–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kase S, He S, Sonoda S, Kitamura M, Spee C, Wawrousek E, et al. alphaB-crystallin regulation of angiogenesis by modulation of VEGF. Blood. 2010;115:3398–406.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sonoda S, Sakamoto T, Yamashita T, Shirasawa M, Uchino E, Terasaki H, et al. Choroidal structure in normal eyes and after photodynamic therapy determined by binarization of optical coherence tomographic images. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55:3893–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ting DSW, Yanagi Y, Agrawal R, Teo HY, Seen S, Yeo IYS, et al. Choroidal remodeling in age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: a 12-month prospective study. Sci Rep. 2017;7:7868.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tomi A, Marin I. Angiofluorographic aspects in age-related macular degeneration. J Med Life. 2014;7:4–17.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mathis T, Holz FG, Sivaprasad S, Yoon YH, Eter N, Chen LJ, et al. Characterisation of macular neovascularisation subtypes in age-related macular degeneration to optimise treatment outcomes. Eye (Lond). 2023;37:1758–65.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cheung CMG, Lai TYY, Ruamviboonsuk P, Chen SJ, Chen Y, Freund KB, et al. Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: definition, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Ophthalmology. 2018;125:708–24.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim JY, Son WY, Kim RY, Kim M, Park YG, Park YH. Recurrence and visual prognostic factors of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: 5-year results. Sci Rep. 2021;11:21572.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nath M, Sluzala ZB, Phadte AS, Shan Y, Myers AM, Fort PE. Evidence for paracrine protective role of exogenous alphaa-crystallin in retinal ganglion cells. ENeuro. 2022;9:0045-22.2022.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kannan R, Sreekumar PG, Hinton DR. Alpha crystallins in the retinal pigment epithelium and implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of age-related macular degeneration. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2016;1860:258–68.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kerr BA, Byzova TV. AlphaB-crystallin: a novel VEGF chaperone. Blood. 2010;115:3181–3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen Z, Ruan Q, Han S, Xi L, Jiang W, Jiang H, et al. Discovery of structure-based small molecular inhibitor of alphaB-crystallin against basal-like/triple-negative breast cancer development in vitro and in vivo. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2014;145:45–59.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ecroyd H, Meehan S, Horwitz J, Aquilina JA, Benesch JL, Robinson CV, et al. Mimicking phosphorylation of alphaB-crystallin affects its chaperone activity. Biochem J. 2007;401:129–41.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yamamoto T, Kase S, Shinkai A, Murata M, Kikuchi K, Wu D, et al. Phosphorylation of αB-crystallin involves interleukin-1β-mediated intracellular retention in retinal muller cells: a new mechanism underlying fibrovascular membrane formation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2023;64:20.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dimberg A, Rylova S, Dieterich LC, Olsson AK, Schiller P, Wikner C, et al. alphaB-crystallin promotes tumor angiogenesis by increasing vascular survival during tube morphogenesis. Blood. 2008;111:2015–23.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu S, Li J, Tao Y, Xiao X. Small heat shock protein alphaB-crystallin binds to p53 to sequester its translocation to mitochondria during hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007;354:109–14.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li DWC, Liu JP, Mao YW, Xiang H, Wang J, Ma WY, et al. Calcium-activated RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway mediates p53-dependent apoptosis and is abrogated by αB-crystallin through inhibition of RAS activation. Mol Biol Cell. 2005;16:4437–53.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alge CS, Priglinger SG, Neubauer AS, Kampik A, Zillig M, Bloemendal H, et al. Retinal pigment epithelium is protected against apoptosis by αB-crystallin. Invest Ophth Vis Sci. 2002;43:3575–82.

Google Scholar 

Chen W, Lu Q, Lu L, Guan H. Increased levels of alphaB-crystallin in vitreous fluid of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and correlation with vascular endothelial growth factor. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2017;45:379–84.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Celik N, Scheuerle A, Auffarth GU, Kopitz J, Dithmar S. Intraocular pharmacokinetics of aflibercept and vascular endothelial growth factor-a. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56:5574–8.

Article  CAS