Scheen M, Dominati A, Olivier V, Nasr S, De Seigneux S, Mekinian A, et al. Renal involvement in systemic sclerosis. Autoimmun Rev. 2023;22(6):103330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103330.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Woodworth TG, Suliman YA, Li W, Furst DE, Clements P. Scleroderma renal crisis and renal involvement in systemic sclerosis. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2016;12(11):678–91. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneph.2016.124.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Denton CP, Hughes M, Gak N, Vila J, Buch MH, Chakravarty K, et al. BSR and BHPR guideline for the treatment of systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2016;55(10):1906–10. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kew224.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Takeda N, Ihn H, Teramoto S. Markedly increased levels of IL-6 and CA125 in pleural fluid of an elderly person with overlap syndrome of systemic sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Age Ageing. 2001;30(2):171. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/30.2.171.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Thompson AE, Pope JE. A study of the frequency of pericardial and pleural effusions in scleroderma. Br J Rheumatol. 1998;37(12):1320–3. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/37.12.1320.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Su F, Cummings KW, Krigman H, Ranganathan P. Meigs’ syndrome: a rare cause of recurrent pleural effusion in scleroderma. Rheumatol Int. 2013;33(10):2647–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-012-2437-x.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Joseph J, Sahn SA. Connective tissue diseases and the pleura. Chest. 1993;104(1):262–70. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.104.1.262.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Roth BJ, O’Meara TF, Cragun WH. The serum-effusion albumin gradient in the evaluation of pleural effusions. Chest. 1990;98(3):546–9. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.98.3.546.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mouthon L, Bussone G, Berezné A, Noël LH, Guillevin L. Scleroderma renal crisis. J Rheumatol. 2014;41(6):1040–8. https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.131210.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chrabaszcz M, Małyszko J, Sikora M, Alda-Malicka R, Stochmal A, Matuszkiewicz-Rowinska J, et al. Renal involvement in systemic sclerosis: an update. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2020;45(4):532–48. https://doi.org/10.1159/000507886.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yamashita H, Kamei R, Kaneko H. Classifications of scleroderma renal crisis and reconsideration of its pathophysiology. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2019;58(12):2099–106. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kez435.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Teixeira L, Mouthon L, Mahr A, Berezné A, Agard C, Mehrenberger M, et al. Mortality and risk factors of scleroderma renal crisis: a French retrospective study of 50 patients. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008;67(1):110–6. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2006.066985.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lalwani A, Amin S, Yousaf Z, Riaz Gondal MU, Al Ampnti S, Pajak A, et al. A case of atypical scleroderma renal crisis. Eur J Case Rep Intern Med. 2024;11(8):004706. https://doi.org/10.12890/2024_004706.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Riley M, Der Mesropian P, Maheshwari A, Arslan ME, Visrodia P, Salman L, et al. Scleroderma renal crisis associated with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia in a patient with seronegative scleroderma and monoclonal gammopathy. J Invest Med High Impact Case Rep. 2022;10:23247096221074591. https://doi.org/10.1177/23247096221074591.

Article  Google Scholar 

Denton CP, Khanna D. Systemic sclerosis. Lancet. 2017;390(10103):1685–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30933-9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khalayli N, Ibrahim R, Ibrahim R, Kudsi M. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis with systemic sclerosis: a fatal case report. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2023;85(11):5770–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/ms9.0000000000001347.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Taormina VJ, Miller WT, Gefter WB, Epstein DM. Progressive systemic sclerosis subgroups: variable pulmonary features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1981;137(2):277–85. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.137.2.277.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Maeshima E, Nishimoto T, Yamashita M, Mune M, Yukawa S. Progressive systemic sclerosis-polymyositis overlap syndrome with eosinophilic pleural effusion. Rheumatol Int. 2003;23(5):252–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-003-0297-0.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vulcan M, Dragne AD, Badea CG. Eosinophilic pleural effusion secondary to Trichinella spiralis infection in a patient with systemic sclerosis: a case report. Am J Case Rep. 2024;25:e943420. https://doi.org/10.12659/ajcr.943420.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Asfaw YA, Huang H, Anand A, Taimur M, Khan AA, Shah S, et al. Management of scleroderma renal crisis with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in a resource-limited setting: a rare case report. SAGE Open Med Case Rep. 2022;10:2050313x221141796. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050313x221141796.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Funauchi M, Ikoma S, Yu H, Sugiyama M, Ohno M, Kinoshita K, et al. A case of progressive systemic sclerosis complicated by massive pleural effusion with elevated CA125. Lupus. 2000;9(5):382–5. https://doi.org/10.1191/096120300678828334.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Balbir-Gurman A, Yigla M, Nahir AM, Braun-Moscovici Y. Rheumatoid pleural effusion. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2006;35(6):368–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semarthrit.2006.03.002.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Manetti M, Milia AF, Guiducci S, Romano E, Matucci-Cerinic M, Ibba-Manneschi L. Progressive loss of lymphatic vessels in skin of patients with systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol. 2011;38(2):297–301. https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.100767.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rodríguez Perojo A, García Prieto F, Ramírez Lapausa M, Rio Ramírez MT. Portal hypertension: an uncommon cause of chylothorax and an atypical association with systemic sclerosis. Open Respir Arch. 2025;7(1):100382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.opresp.2024.100382.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Picken MM. Diagnosis of amyloid beyond Congo red. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2021;30(3):303–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/mnh.0000000000000695.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Dapson RW. Amyloid from a histochemical perspective. A review of the structure, properties and types of amyloid, and a proposed staining mechanism for Congo red staining. Biotech Histochem. 2018;93(8):543–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/10520295.2018.1528385.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kowal-Bielecka O, Fransen J, Avouac J, Becker M, Kulak A, Allanore Y, et al. Update of EULAR recommendations for the treatment of systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(8):1327–39. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209909.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hudson M, Baron M, Tatibouet S, Furst DE, Khanna D. Exposure to ACE inhibitors prior to the onset of scleroderma renal crisis-results from the International Scleroderma Renal Crisis Survey. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2014;43(5):666–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semarthrit.2013.09.008.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar