Vashist S, Dudeck BS, Sherfy B, Rosenthal GL, Chaves AH (2023) Neighborhood socioeconomic status and length of stay after congenital heart disease surgery. Front Pediatr. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2023.1167064

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sengupta A, Gauvreau K, Bucholz EM, Newburger JW, del Nido PJ, Nathan M (2022) Contemporary Socioeconomic and Childhood Opportunity Disparities in Congenital Heart Surgery. Circulation 146(17):1284–1296. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.060030

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Haverty MC, Mehta R, Niraula D, Waberski AT, d’Udekem Y, Klein JH (2024) Mortality after pediatric cardiac surgery in patients from disadvantaged neighborhoods. Ann Thorac Surg Short Rep 2(4):871–876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atssr.2024.06.027

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mayourian J, Brown E, Javalkar K et al (2023) Insight into the role of the child opportunity index on surgical outcomes in congenital heart disease. J Pediatr 259:113464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2023.113464

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Duong SQ, Elfituri MO, Zaniletti I et al (2023) Neighborhood childhood opportunity, race/ethnicity, and surgical outcomes in children with congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 82(9):801–813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2023.05.069

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bucholz EM, Sleeper LA, Newburger JW (2018) Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status and Outcomes Following the Norwood Procedure: An Analysis of the Pediatric Heart Network Single Ventricle Reconstruction Trial Public Data Set. J Am Heart Assoc 7(3):e007065. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.007065

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pasquali SK, Gaies M, Banerjee M et al (2019) The quest for precision medicine: unmeasured patient factors and mortality after congenital heart surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 108(6):1889–1894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2019.06.031

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Crook S, Dragan K, Woo JL et al (2024) Impact of social determinants of health on predictive models for outcomes after congenital heart surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 83(24):2440–2454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2024.03.430

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Child Opportunity Index 3.0 database, 2010 census tracts - CKAN (2025). Accessed January 22. https://data.diversitydatakids.org/dataset/coi30-2010-tracts-child-opportunity-index-3-0-database--2010-census-tracts

CDC (2024) National Death Index. National Death Index. Accessed December 18, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/ndi/index.html

Fellegi IP, Sunter AB (1969) A theory for record linkage. J Am Stat Assoc 64(328):1183–1210. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1969.10501049

Article  Google Scholar 

Michielon G, Marino B, Oricchio G et al (2009) Impact of DEL22q11, trisomy 21, and other genetic syndromes on surgical outcome of conotruncal heart defects. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 138(3):565-570.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2009.03.009

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Formigari R, Michielon G, Digilio MC et al (2009) Genetic syndromes and congenital heart defects: how is surgical management affected? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 35(4):606–614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcts.2008.11.005

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alsoufi B, Manlhiot C, Mahle WT et al (2014) Low-weight infants are at increased mortality risk after palliative or corrective cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 148(6):2508-2514e.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.07.047

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Henmi S, Venna A, Haverty MC et al (2024) Survival benefits of the wait-and-grow approach in small babies (≤ 2000 g) requiring heart surgery. JTCVS Open 18:156–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xjon.2024.01.006

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chi GC, Hajat A, Bird CE et al (2016) Individual and neighborhood socioeconomic status and the association between air pollution and cardiovascular disease. Environ Health Perspect 124(12):1840–1847. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP199

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Do K, Zhang Y (2025) Assessing health risks and socioeconomic disparities associated with ambient air pollution and point sources across the United States. Environ Pollut 375:126311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126311

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Keith RJ, Hart JL, Bhatnagar A (2024) Greenspaces and cardiovascular health. Circ Res 134(9):1179–1196. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.124.323583

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ter-Minassian M, Basra SS, Watson ES, Derus AJ, Horberg MA (2023) Validation of US CDC National Death Index mortality data, focusing on differences in race and ethnicity. BMJ Health Care Inform 30(1):e100737. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjhci-2023-100737

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stringhini S, Carmeli C, Jokela M et al (2017) <article-title update="added">Socioeconomic status and the 25 × 25 risk factors as determinants of premature mortality: a multicohort study and meta-analysis of 1·7 million men and women. Lancet 389(10075):1229–1237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32380-7

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lawrence WR, Kucharska-Newton AM, Magnani JW et al (2024) Neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage across the life course and premature mortality. JAMA Netw Open 7(8):e2426243. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.26243

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Steenland K, Hu S, Walker J (2004) All-cause and cause-specific mortality by socioeconomic status among employed persons in 27 US states, 1984–1997. Am J Public Health 94(6):1037–1042

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lantz PM, Golberstein E, House JS, Morenoff J (2010) Socioeconomic and behavioral risk factors for mortality in a national 19-year prospective study of U.S. adults. Soc Sci Med 70(10):1558–1566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.02.003

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang DT, Onyebeke C, Nahid M et al (2023) Social determinants of health and cardiologist involvement in the care of adults hospitalized for heart failure. JAMA Netw Open 6(11):e2344070. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.44070

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lantz PM, Lynch JW, House JS et al (2001) Socioeconomic disparities in health change in a longitudinal study of US adults: the role of health-risk behaviors. Soc Sci Med 53(1):29–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00319-1

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar