Funding

No external funding was used in the preparation of this manuscript.

Conflict of interest

Lorenza Rimassa received consulting fees from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Basilea, Bayer, BMS, Eisai, Elevar Therapeutics, Exelixis, Genenta, Hengrui, Incyte, Ipsen, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, MSD, Nerviano Medical Sciences, Roche, Servier, Taiho Oncology, and Zymeworks; lecture fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS, Guerbet, Incyte, Ipsen, and Roche, Servier; travel expenses from AstraZeneca and Servier; and research grants (to institution) from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Exelixis, Fibrogen, Incyte, Ipsen, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, MSD, Nerviano Medical Sciences, Roche, Servier, Taiho Oncology, TransThera Sciences, and Zymeworks. Andrea Casadei-Gardini reports consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS, Eisai, Incyte, Ipsen, IQVIA, MSD, Roche, and Servier; lecture fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS, Eisai, Incyte, Ipsen, Roche, and Servier; travel expenses from AstraZeneca; and research grants (to institution) from AstraZeneca and Eisai. Lorenzo Fornaro: speaking honoraria: Incyte, Bristol Myers Squibb, and MSD; advisory board/consultant: MSD, AstraZeneca, Incyte, Taiho, Servier, Daiichi Sankyo, and Astellas; institutional research funding: MSD, Bristol Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, Incyte, BeiGene, Astellas, Daiichi Sankyo, and Roche. Stephen L. Chan serves as an advisory member for AstraZeneca, MSD, Eisai, BMS, Ipsen, and Hengrui; received research funds from MSD, Eisai, Ipsen, SIRTEX, and Zailab; and received honoraria from AstraZeneca, Eisai, Roche, Ipsen, and MSD. Chiara Braconi received honoraria as speaker (AstraZeneca, Incyte, and Servier) and consultant (Incyte, Servier, Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, Tahio, and Jazz), received research funds (Avacta, Medannex, and Servier), and her spouse is an employee of AstraZeneca. Masafumi Ikeda reports honoraria from AstraZeneca, Chugai Pharma, Eisai, Incyte, Lilly Japan, MSD, Novartis, Ono Pharmaceutical, Takeda, Teijin Pharma, Nihon Servier, and Taiho and research funding from from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Chiome Bioscience, Chugai, Eisai, Eli Lilly Japan, Delta-Fly Pharma, Invitae, J-Pharma, Merck biopharma, Merus N.V., MSD, Novartis, Nihon Servier, Ono, Syneos Health, and Rakuten Medical. Gerald W. Prager: advisories and/or speaker fees: Servier, Bayer, Roche Amgen, Merck, MSD, BMS, Sanofi, Lilly, Astra Zeneca, Astellas, Pierre-Fabre, Incyte, Arcus, and CECOG. Fabian Finkelmeier has received travel support from Ipsen, AbbVie, and AstraZeneca and speaker’s fees from AbbVie, MSD, Ipsen, and Astrazeneca. Guido Giordano: consulting fees: AstraZeneca, MSD, Servier, Seagen, Bayer, Amgen, Novartis, Ipsen, and BMS; travel expenses: Astra Zeneca, Servier, Bayer, and Novartis. Anna Diana reports personal fees (as invited speaker or advisory board)/travel support from Amgen, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Novartis, Roche, Gentili, Amgen, Daichii-Sankyo, and Gilead, Ipsen. Sara Lonardi reports personal honoraria as invited speaker from Amgen, Astra Zeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Incyte, GSK, Lilly, Merck Serono, MSD, Pierre-Fabre, Roche, and Servier and participation on advisory board for Amgen, Astellas, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Daiichi-Sankyo, GSK, Incyte, Lilly, Merck Serono, MSD, Servier, Takeda, Rottapharm, Beigene, Fosun Pharma, and Nimbus Therapeutics. Jeroen Dekervel received consulting fees and/or speaker honoraria from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS, Eisai, Need Inc., Ipsen, Lilly, MediMix, Merck, MSD, Novartis, Roche, and Servier. Jorge Adeva received consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, MSD, Roche, Servier, Taiho Oncology, and Zymeworks; lecture fees from AstraZeneca, Roche, and Servier; and travel expenses from AstraZeneca, Roche, and Servier. Tanios Bekaii-Saab reports research funding (to institution): Agios, Arys, Arcus, Atreca, Boston Biomedical, Bayer, Eisai, Celgene, Lilly, Ipsen, Clovis, Seattle Genetics, Genentech, Novartis, Mirati, Merus, Abgenomics, Incyte, Pfizer, and BMS; consulting (to institution): Servier, Ipsen, Arcus, Pfizer, Seattle Genetics, Bayer, Genentech, Incyte, Eisai, Merus, Merck KGaA, and Merck; consulting (to self): Stemline, AbbVie, Blueprint Medicines, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, Daiichi Sankyo, Natera, Takeda, TreosBio, Celularity, Caladrius Biosciences, Exact Science, Sobi, Beigene, Kanaph, Astra Zeneca, Deciphera, Zai Labs, Exelixis, MJH Life Sciences, Aptitude Health, Illumina, Foundation Medicine and Sanofi, Glaxo SmithKline, Xilio, IDMC/DSMB: The Valley Hospital, Fibrogen, Suzhou Kintor, Astra Zeneca, Exelixis, Merck/Eisai, PanCan, and 1Globe; scientific advisory board: Imugene, Immuneering, Xilis, Replimune, Artiva, and Sun Biopharma; royalties: Uptodate; inventions/patents: WO/2018/183488: Human PD1 peptide vaccines and uses thereof—licensed to Imugene and WO/2019/055687: Methods and compositions for the treatment of cancer cachexia—licensed to Recursion. Giulia Tesini received honoraria as speaker from AstraZeneca. She is supported by a Short-Term Scientific Mission grant by the Precision-BTC-Network (COST Action 22125). Salvatore Corallo reports consulting fees and/or speaker honoraria from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Merck Serono, and Daiichi-Sankyo and travel expenses from AstraZeneca, Incyte, MSD, Roche, and Viatris. Nuno Couto: invited speaker: Incyte, Novartis, and Servier and advisory board participation: AstraZeneca and Roche. Francesca Salani received support at UNIPI by European Union-NextGenerationEU through the Italian Ministry of University and Research under PNNR - M4C2-I1.3 Project PE_00000019 "HEAL ITALIA" CUP I53C22001440006".Silvia Camera, Margherita Rimini, Mara Persano, Mario Domenico Rizzato, Anna Saborowski, Lorenzo Antonuzzo, Federico Rossari, Tomoyuki Satake, Frederik Peeters, , Silvia Bozzarelli, , Jessica Lucchetti, Jin Won Kim, Oluseyi Abidoye, Ilario Giovanni Rapposelli, Chiara Gallio, Stefano Tamberi, Pircher Chiara, Hong Jae Chon, Aitzaz Qaisar, Alessandro Pastorino, Florian Castet, Emiliano Tamburini, Changhoon Yoo, Alessandro Parisi, Mario Scartozzi, Antonio Avallone, Marta Schirripa, Il Hwan Kim, Lukas Perkhofer, Ester Oneda, Monica Verrico, Gian Paolo Spinelli, Nicola Personeni, Ingrid Garajova, Maria Grazia Rodriquenz, Silvana Leo, Cecilia Melo Alvim, Ricardo Roque, Giovanni Farinea, Virginia Genovesi, Antonio De Rosa, Daniele Lavacchi, Federica Lo Prinzi, Laura Passeri, Michele Ferrara, Silvia Foti, Monica Niger, Rita Balsano, Giuseppe Tonini, Minsu Kang, Luca Esposito, Chiara Casadio, Vera Himmelsbach, Matteo Landriscina, Selma Ahcene Djaballah, Gianluca Masi, Arndt Vogel, and Caterina Vivaldi declare that they have no conflicts of interest that might be relevant to the contents of this manuscript.

Ethics approval

The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the protocol was approved by the ethics committee of each institution involved in the project. Under the condition of retrospective archival tissue collection and patients’ data anonymization, our study was exempted from the acquisition of informed consent from patients by the institutional review board.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publish

Not applicable.

Data availability statement

Data available on request from the authors.

Code availability

Not applicable.

Author contributions

Conception and design: S. Camera, A. Casadei-Gardini, M. Rimini, L. Rimassa, and L. Fornaro. Acquisition of data (acquired and managed patients): all authors. Analysis and interpretation of data: S. Camera, A. Casadei-Gardini, M. Rimini, L. Rimassa, and L. Fornaro. Writing, review, and/or revision of the manuscript: S. Camera, A. Casadei-Gardini, M. Rimini, L. Rimassa, and L. Fornaro. Final approval of manuscript: all authors.