Nagata JM, Al-Shoaibi AAA, Leong AW, Zamora G, Testa A, Ganson KT, et al. Screen time and mental health: a prospective analysis of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. BMC Public Health. 2024;24:2686.
PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Yu H, Xu C, Lu J, Li Q, Li Q, Zhou K, et al. Associations between screen time and emotional and behavioral problems among children and adolescents in US, National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), 2022. J Affect Disord. 2025;379:159–67.
Santos RMS, Mendes CG, Sen Bressani GY, de Alcantara Ventura S, de Almeida Nogueira YJ, de Miranda DM, et al. The associations between screen time and mental health in adolescents: a systematic review. BMC Psychol. 2023;11:127.
PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Muppalla SK, Vuppalapati S, Reddy Pulliahgaru A, Sreenivasulu H. Effects of excessive screen time on child development: an updated review and strategies for management. Cureus. 2023;15:e40608.
PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Nagata JM, Paul A, Yen F, Smith-Russack Z, Shao IY, Al-Shoaibi AAA, et al. Associations between media parenting practices and early adolescent screen use. Pediatr Res. 2025;97:403–10.
Veldhuis L, van Grieken A, Renders CM, Hirasing RA, Raat H. Parenting style, the home environment, and screen time of 5-year-old children; the ‘be active, eat right’ study. PLoS One. 2014;9:e88486.
PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Geurts SM, Koning IM, Vossen HGM, van den Eijnden RJJM. Rules, role models or overall climate at home? Relative associations of different family aspects with adolescents’ problematic social media use. Compr Psychiatry. 2022;116:152318.
Gottfried J, Sidoti O. Teens and video games today. Pew Research Center. 2024. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2024/05/09/teens-and-video-games-today/. Accessed 5 Aug 2025.
Alho K, Moisala M, Salmela-Aro K. Effects of media multitasking and video gaming on cognitive functions and their neural bases in adolescents and young adults. Eur Psychol. 2022;27:131–40.
Lager KS, Corso G. Game faces: how digital play affects the psychological landscape of youth. Cureus. 2025;17:e77497.
PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Marchica LA, Richard J, Nower L, Ivoska W, Derevensky JL. Problem video gaming in adolescents: an examination of the pathways model. Int Gambl Stud. 2022;22:282–99.
Gros L, Debue N, Lete J, van de Leemput C. Video game addiction and emotional states: possible confusion between pleasure and happiness? Front Psychol. 2019;10:2894.
Zhang L, Oshri A, Carvalho C, Uddin LQ, Geier C, Nagata JM, et al. Prospective associations between sleep, sensation-seeking, and mature screen usage in early adolescents: findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study. Sleep. 2025;48:zsae234.
PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Shao R, Wang Y. The relation of violent video games to adolescent aggression: an examination of moderated mediation effect. Front Psychol. 2019;10:384.
PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Meriläinen M. Crooked views and relaxed rules: how teenage boys experience parents’ handling of digital gaming. MaC. 2021;9:62–72.
Swider-Cios E, Vermeij A, Sitskoorn MM. Young children and screen-based media: the impact on cognitive and socioemotional development and the importance of parental mediation. Cogn Dev. 2023;66:101319.
Lafton T, Wilhelmsen JEB, Holmarsdottir HB. Parental mediation and children’s digital well-being in family life in Norway. J Child Media. 2024;18:198–215.
Commodari E, Consiglio A, Cannata M, la Rosa VL. Influence of parental mediation and social skills on adolescents’ use of online video games for escapism: a cross-sectional study. J Res Adolesc. 2024;34:1668–78.
PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Bradt L, Grosemans E, de Cock R, Dupont B, Vansteenkiste M, Soenens B. Does parents’ perceived style of setting limits to gaming matter? The interplay between profiles of parental mediation and BIS/BAS sensitivity in problematic gaming and online gambling. J Adolesc. 2024;96:580–97.
Garavan H, Bartsch H, Conway K, Decastro A, Goldstein RZ, Heeringa S, et al. Recruiting the ABCD sample: design considerations and procedures. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2018;32:16–22.
CAS PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Tang L, Darlington G, Ma DWL, Haines J, Guelph Family Health Study. Mothers’ and fathers’ media parenting practices associated with young children’s screen-time: a cross-sectional study. BMC Obes. 2018;5:37.
PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Larios SE, Ayala GX, Arredondo EM, Baquero B, Elder JP. Development and validation of a scale to measure Latino parenting strategies related to children’s obesigenic behaviors. The parenting strategies for eating and activity scale (PEAS). Appetite. 2009;52:166–72.
Hayes AF, Coutts JJ. Use omega rather than cronbach’s alpha for estimating reliability. But…. Commun Methods Meas. 2020;14:1–24.
Andreassen CS, Torsheim T, Brunborg GS, Pallesen S. Development of a facebook addiction scale. Psychol Rep. 2012;110:501–17.
Hou Y, Xiong D, Jiang T, Song L, Wang Q. Social media addiction: its impact, mediation, and intervention. Cyberpsychology. 2019;13:Article 4.
Simsek A, Elciyar K, Kizilhan T. A comparative study on social media addiction of high school and university students. Contemp Educ Technol. 2019;10:106–19.
Lopez DA, Foxe JJ, van Wijngaarden E, Thompson WK, Freedman EG. The longitudinal association between reward processing and symptoms of video game addiction in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. J Behav Addict. 2024;13:1051–63.
PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Bagot KS, Matthews SA, Mason M, Squeglia LM, Fowler J, Gray K, et al. Current, future and potential use of mobile and wearable technologies and social media data in the ABCD study to increase understanding of contributors to child health. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2018;32:121–9.
CAS PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Guerrero MD, Barnes JD, Chaput JP, Tremblay MS. Screen time and problem behaviors in children: exploring the mediating role of sleep duration. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2019;16:105.
PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Paulich KN, Ross JM, Lessem JM, Hewitt JK. Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development℠ (ABCD) study. PLoS One. 2021;16:e0256591.
CAS PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Nagata JM, Li K, Sui SS, Talebloo J, Otmar CD, Shao IY, et al. Associations between media parenting practices and early adolescent consumption of R-rated movies and mature-rated video games. BMC Pediatr. 2025;25:90.
PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Wong RS, Tung KTS, Rao N, Leung C, Hui ANN, Tso WWY, et al. Parent technology use, parent-child interaction, child screen time, and child psychosocial problems among disadvantaged families. J Pediatr. 2020;226:258–65.
Bandura A. Social learning theory. Can J Sociol Cah Can Sociol. 2019;2:321.
Liu J, Xie T, Mao Y. Parental phubbing behavior and adolescents’ online gaming time: the mediating role of electronic health literacy. Behav Sci. 2024;14:925.
CAS PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Ramirez ER, Norman GJ, Rosenberg DE, Kerr J, Saelens BE, Durant N, et al. Adolescent screen time and rules to limit screen time in the home. J Adolesc Health. 2011;48:379–85.
Jusienė R, Urbonas V, Laurinaitytė I, Rakickienė L, Breidokienė R, Kuzminskaitė M, et al. Screen use during meals among young children: exploration of associated variables. Medicina. 2019;55:688.
PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Hale L, Kirschen GW, LeBourgeois MK, Gradisar M, Garrison MM, Montgomery-Downs H, et al. Youth screen media habits and sleep: sleep-friendly screen behavior recommendations for clinicians, educators, and parents. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2018;27:229–45.
PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Smith LJ, Gradisar M, King DL. Parental influences on adolescent video game play: a study of accessibility, rules, limit setting, monitoring, and cybersafety. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2015;18:273–9.
De Lepeleere S, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Cardon G, Verloigne M. Do specific parenting practices and related parental self-efficacy associate with physical activity and screen time among primary schoolchildren? A cross-sectional study in Belgium. BMJ Open. 2015;5:e007209.
PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Sanders W, Parent J, Forehand R, Sullivan AD, Jones DJ. Parental perceptions of technology and technology-focused parenting: associations with youth screen time. J Appl Dev Psychol. 2016;44:28–38.
PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Geurts SM, Koning IM, Vossen H, van den Eijnden RJJM. A qualitative study on children’s digital media use and parents’ self-interest. J Child Fam Stud. 2022;31:2015–26.
Poulain T, Meigen C, Kiess W, Vogel M. Media regulation strategies in parents of 4- to 16-year-old children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2023;23:371.
Comments (0)