Youth at Risk: Decoding the Mechanistic Paradox of Early-Onset Heart Disease in India

Nazli SA, Rosman A, Kasim NA, et al. Coronary risk factor profiles according to different age categories in premature coronary artery disease patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):15326. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-53539-6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Al-Khlaiwi T, Habib SS, Bayoumy N, et al. Identifying risk factors and mortality rate of premature coronary artery disease in young Saudi population. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):12727. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-62970-8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zeitouni M, Clare RM, Chiswell K, et al. Risk factor burden and long-term prognosis of patients with premature coronary artery disease. J Am Heart Association. 2020;9(24):e017712. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.120.017712.

Article  Google Scholar 

Alhabib KF, Batais MA, Almigbal TH, et al. Demographic, behavioral, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in the Saudi population: results from the prospective urban rural epidemiology study (PURE-Saudi). BMC Public Health. 2020;20:1213. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09190-0.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Higashi Y. Smoking cessation and vascular endothelial function. Hypertens Res. 2023;46:2670–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-023-01234-9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Volgman AS, Palaniappan LS, Aggarwal NT, Gupta M, Khandelwal A, Krishnan AV et al. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in South Asians in the United States: epidemiology, risk factors, and treatments: a scientific statement from the american heart association. Circulation. 2018;138(1):e1-e34. 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000580. Epub 2018 May 24. Erratum in: Circulation. 2018;138(5):e76. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000600.

World Health Organization. WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 2000–2025, fourth edition. Geneva: WHO; 2021.

Google Scholar 

Joshi SR, Anjana RM, Deepa M, et al. Prevalence of dyslipidemia in urban and rural India: the ICMR–INDIAB study. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2014;18(6):708–15.

Google Scholar 

Anjana RM, Unnikrishnan R, Deepa M, et al. Metabolic non-communicable disease health report of India. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2023;11(10):e8–19.

Google Scholar 

Gupta R, Rao RS, Misra A, Sharma SK. Recent trends in epidemiology of dyslipidemias in India. Indian Heart J. 2017;69(3):382–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2017.02.020.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sekhri T, Kanwar RS, Wilfred R, Chugh P, Chillar M, Aggarwal R, et al. Prevalence of risk factors for coronary artery disease in an urban Indian population. BMJ Open. 2014;4:e005346. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005346.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alhindal M, Janahi J, D’Angelo EC, et al. Impact of smoking on cardiovascular health: Mechanisms, epidemiology and specific concerns regarding congenital heart disease. Int J Cardiol Congenit Heart Dis. 2025;20:100581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcchd.2025.100581.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Parmar MP, Kaur M, Bhavanam S, et al. A systematic review of the effects of smoking on the cardiovascular system and general health. Cureus. 2023;15(4):e38073. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.38073.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McEvoy JW, Blaha MJ, DeFilippis AP, et al. Cigarette smoking and cardiovascular events: role of inflammation and subclinical atherosclerosis from the MultiEthnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2015;35(3):700–9. . https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.114.304562.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Iyengar S, Gupta R, Ravi S, et al. Premature coronary artery disease in India: Coronary artery disease in the young (CADY) registry. Indian Heart J. 2017;69(2):211–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2016.09.009.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jariwala P, Padmavathi A, Patil, et al. The prevalence of risk factors and pattern of obstructive coronary artery disease in young Indians (< 45 years) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: A gender-based multi-center study. Indian Heart J. 2022;74(4):282–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2022.07.001.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

17), Setia N, Saxena R, Sawhney JPS, et al. Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Cascade Screening in Children and Relatives of the Affected. Indian J Pediatr. 2018;85:339–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-017-2589-518.

Article  Google Scholar 

Khoja A, Andraweera PH, Lassi ZS, et al. Risk factors for premature coronary artery disease (PCAD) in adults: a systematic review protocol. F1000Res. 2021;10:1228. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.74926.1.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Barbato E, Mehilli J, Sibbing D, et al. Questions and answers on antithrombotic therapy and revascularization strategies in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS): A companion document of the 2020 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(14):1368–78. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa601.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Satija A, Hu FB, Bowen L et al. (2015) Dietary patterns in India and their association with obesity and central obesity. Public Health Nutr 18(16):3031–3041. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980015000312.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chaudhary V, Saraswathy KN, Sarwal R. Dietary diversity as a sustainable approach towards micronutrient deficiencies in India. Indian J Med Res. 2022;156(1):31–45. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_3314_21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Aune D, Keum N, Giovannucci E et al. (2016) Whole grain consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all cause and cause specific mortality: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ 14(353):i2716. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i2716.

Article  Google Scholar 

Iqbal R, Anand S, Ounpuu S, Islam S, Zhang X, Rangarajan S, et al INTERHEART Study Investigators. Dietary patterns and the risk of acute myocardial infarction in 52 countries: results of the INTERHEART study. Circulation. 2008;118(19):1929–37. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.738716.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mahalle N, Kulkarni MV, Garg MK, Naik SS Vitamin B12 deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia as correlates of cardiovascular risk factors in Indian subjects with coronary artery disease. J Cardiol. 2013;61(4):289–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjcc.2012.11.009.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yajnik CS, Deshpande SS, Lubree HG, Naik SS, Bhat DS, Uradey BS, et al. Vitamin B12 deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia in rural and urban Indians. J Assoc Physicians India. 2006;54:775–82.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huang T, Chen Y, Yang B, et al. Folic acid supplementation and risk of cardiovascular diseases: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5(8):e003768. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.003768.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ostad AN, Dehnavi Z, Farshidi H, et al. Food intake pattern and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with premature coronary artery disease in Iran. J Nutr Food Secur. 2022;31. https://doi.org/10.18502/jnfs.v7i4.11063.

Hadj Ahmed S, Kharroubi W, Kaoubaa N, et al Correlation of trans fatty acids with the severity of coronary artery disease lesions. Lipids Health Dis. 2018;17(1):52. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-018-0699-3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Iqbal MP. Trans fatty acids – A risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Pakistan J Med Sci. 2014;30(1):194. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.301.4525.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mendonça RD, Lopes ACS, Pimenta AM, et al Ultra-processed food consumption and the incidence of hypertension in a Mediterranean cohort: the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra project. Am J Hypertens. 2017;30:358–66. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpw137.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bhardwaj B, O’Keefe EL, O’Keefe JH. Death by carbs: added sugars and refined carbohydrates cause diabetes and cardiovascular disease in Asian Indians. Mo Med. 2016;113(5):395. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6139832/.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rathi N, Riddell L, Worsley A. Food consumption patterns of adolescents aged 14–16 years in Kolkata. India. Nu

Comments (0)

No login
gif