Fearon KCH, Barber MD, Moses AGW. The cancer cachexia syndrome. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2001;10(1):109–26.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mattox TW. Cancer cachexia: cause, diagnosis, and treatment. Nutr Clin Pract. 2017;32(5):599–606.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gebremedhin TK, Cherie A, Tolera BD, Atinafu BT, Demelew TM. Prevalence and risk factors of malnutrition among adult cancer patients receiving chemotherapy treatment in cancer center, Ethiopia: cross-sectional study. Heliyon. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07362.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guenter P, Abdelhadi R, Anthony P, Blackmer A, Malone A, Mirtallo JM, et al. Malnutrition diagnoses and associated outcomes in hospitalized patients: United States, 2018. Nutr Clin Pract. 2021;36(5):957–69.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rasheed S, Woods RT. Malnutrition and associated clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients aged 60 and older: an observational study in rural Wales. J Nutr Gerontol Geriatr. 2013;32(1):71–80.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Charlton K, Nichols C, Bowden S, Milosavljevic M, Lambert K, Barone L, et al. Poor nutritional status of older subacute patients predicts clinical outcomes and mortality at 18 months of follow-up. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2012;66(11):1224–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Burgos R, Joaquín C, Blay C, Vaqué C. Disease-related malnutrition in hospitalized chronic patients with complex needs. Clin Nutr. 2020;39(5):1447–53.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ligthart-Melis GC, Luiking YC, Kakourou A, Cederholm T, Maier AB, de r Schueren MAE. Frailty, sarcopenia, and malnutrition frequently (co-)occur in hospitalized older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2020;21(9):1216–28.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sheas MN, Ali SR, Safdar W, Tariq MR, Ahmed S, Ahmad N, et al. Nutritional assessment in cancer patients. Cancer Treat Res. 2023;185:285–310.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Arends J, Bachmann P, Baracos V, Barthelemy N, Bertz H, Bozzetti F, et al. ESPEN guidelines on nutrition in cancer patients. Clin Nutr. 2017;36(1):11–48.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bischoff SC, Austin P, Boeykens K, Chourdakis M, Cuerda C, Jonkers-Schuitema C, et al. ESPEN practical guideline: home enteral nutrition. Clin Nutr. 2022;41(2):468–88.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pironi L, Arends J, Baxter J, Bozzetti F, Peláez RB, Cuerda C, et al. ESPEN endorsed recommendations: definition and classification of intestinal failure in adults. Clin Nutr. 2015;34(2):171–80.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Singer P, Blaser AR, Berger MM, Alhazzani W, Calder PC, Casaer MP, et al. ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition in the intensive care unit. Clin Nutr. 2019;38(1):48–79.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ni J, Zhang L. Cancer cachexia: definition, staging, and emerging treatments. Cancer Manag Res. 2020;12:5597–605.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Baracos VE, Martin L, Korc M, Guttridge DC, Fearon KCH. Cancer-associated cachexia. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4:17105.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thormann M, Meyer HJ, Wienke A, Niehoff J, Kröger JR, Gutzmer R, et al. The prevalence of sarcopenia in patients with solid tumors differs across regions: a systematic review. Nutr Cancer. 2025;77(1):102–14.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Laviano A, Koverech A, Seelaender M. Assessing pathophysiology of cancer anorexia. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2017;20(5):340–5.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ezeoke CC, Morley JE. Pathophysiology of anorexia in the cancer cachexia syndrome. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2015;6(4):287–302.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Arends J. Malnutrition in cancer patients: causes, consequences and treatment options. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2024;50(5):107074.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Haskins CP, Champ CE, Miller R, Vyfhuis MAL. Nutrition in cancer: evidence and equality. Adv Radiat Oncol. 2020;5(5):817–23.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Arends J, Baracos V, Bertz H, Bozzetti F, Calder PC, Deutz NEP, et al. ESPEN expert group recommendations for action against cancer-related malnutrition. Clin Nutr. 2017;36(5):1187–96.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Laviano A, Koverech A, Mari A. Cachexia: clinical features when inflammation drives malnutrition. Proc Nutr Soc. 2015;74(4):348–54.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Van Der Meij BS, Langius JAE, Smit EF, Spreeuwenberg MD, Von Blomberg BME, Heijboer AC, et al. Oral nutritional supplements containing (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids affect the nutritional status of patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer during multimodality treatment. J Nutr. 2010;140(10):1774–80.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Molfino A, Gioia G, Fanelli FR, Muscaritoli M. The role for dietary omega-3 fatty acids supplementation in older adults. Nutrients. 2014;6(10):4058–72.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(3):266–81.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rayman MP. Selenium and human health. Lancet. 2012;379(9822):1256–68.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carr AC, Maggini S. Vitamin C and immune function. Nutrients. 2017;9(11):1211.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kennedy DO. B vitamins and the brain: mechanisms, dose and efficacy—a review. Nutrients. 2016;8(2):68.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Prasad AS. Zinc: role in immunity, oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2009;12(6):646–52.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gröber U, Schmidt J, Kisters K. Magnesium in prevention and therapy. Nutrients. 2015;7(9):8199–226.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Baji DB, Patel JP, Konanur Srinivasa NK, Gande A, Anusha M, Dar H. Nutrition care in cancer surgery patients: a narrative review of nutritional screening and assessment methods and nutritional considerations. Cureus. 2022;14(12):e33094.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Setiawan T, Sari IN, Wijaya YT, Julianto NM, Muhammad JA, Lee H, et al. Cancer cachexia: molecular mechanisms and treatment strategies. J Hematol Oncol. 2023;16(1):54.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang HM, Wang TJ, Huang CS, Liang SY, Yu CH, Lin TR, et al. Nutritional status and related factors in patients with gastric cancer after gastrectomy: a cross-sectional study. Nutrients. 2022;14(13):2634.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sadakane-Sakuramoto A, Hasegawa Y, Sugahara K, Horii N, Saito S, Nakao Y, et al. Change in nutritional status and dysphagia after resection of head and neck cancer. Nutrients. 2021;13(7):2438.

Article  CAS