Mental Illness - National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Available at https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/mental-illness. Accessed September 23, 2025.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Washington, DC. 2024 National strategy for suicide prevention. Available at https://www.hhs.gov/programs/prevention-and-wellness/mental-health-substance-abuse/national-strategy-suicide-prevention/index.html. Published April 15, 2024. Accessed September 23, 2024.

Luoma JB, Martin CE, Pearson JL. Contact with mental health and primary care providers before suicide: A review of the evidence. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002;159(6):909–916. Available at https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.6.909. Accessed November 6, 2023.

Ahmedani BK, Simon GE, Stewart C, et al. Health care contacts in the year before suicide death. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2014;29(6):870–877. Available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-014-2767-3. Accessed April 1, 2023.

Laanani M, Imbaud C, Tuppin P, et al. Contacts with health services during the year prior to suicide death and prevalent conditions A nationwide study. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2020;274:174–182. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.071. Accessed May 10, 2023.

Ahmedani BK, Stewart C, Simon GE, et al. Racial/ethnic differences in healthcare visits made prior to suicide attempt across the United States. Medical Care. 2015;53(5):430–435. Available at https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0000000000000335. Accessed May 5, 2023.

Braciszewski JM, Lanier A, Yeh HH, et al. Health diagnoses and service utilization in the year before youth and young adult suicide. Psychiatric Services. 2023;74(6):566–573. Available at https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.20220145. Accessed May 9, 2024.

Wan-Chen L, Jou-Yin L, Chun-Hung P, et al. Healthcare utilization, psychiatric disorders, and physical illnesses shortly before suicide mortality in adolescents in Taiwan. Psychological Medicine. 2023;53(7):2885–2894. Available at https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721004864. Accessed September 23, 2024.

Fontanella CA, Warner LA, Hiance-Steelesmith DL, et al. Service use in the month and year prior to suicide among adults enrolled in Ohio Medicaid. Psychiatric Services. 2017;68(7):674–680. Available at https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201600206. Accessed March 5, 2024.

Cornes M, Aldridge RW, Biswell E, et al. ICD-10 codes used to define underlying causes of death due to alcohol, drugs or suicide. In: Improving Care Transfers for Homeless Patients after Hospital Discharge: A Realist Evaluation. NIHR Journals Library; 2021. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK574248/. Accessed October 17, 2023.

United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service - Rural-Urban Continuum Codes. Available at https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/rural-urban-continuum-codes.aspx. Accessed August 18, 2021.

Valuck RJ, Libby AM, Sills MR, et al. Antidepressant treatment and risk of suicide attempt by adolescents with major depressive disorder. CNS Drugs. 2004;18(15):1119–1132. Available at https://doi.org/10.2165/00023210-200418150-00006. Accessed May 10, 2023.

Reinke M, Falke C, Cohen K, et al. Increased suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in COVID-19 patients in the United States: Statistics from a large national insurance billing database. Psychiatry Research. 2023;323:115164. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115164. Accessed October 21, 2023.

Morrison KB, Laing L. Adults’ use of health services in the year before death by suicide in Alberta. Health Reports. 2011;22(3):15–22. Accessed April 1, 2023.

Card D, Dobkin C, Maestas N. The impact of nearly universal insurance coverage on health care utilization: Evidence from Medicare. American Economic Review. 2008;98(5):2242–2258. Available at https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.98.5.2242 Accessed December 18, 2024.

Bilsker D, Fogarty AS, Wakefield MA. Critical issues in men’s mental health. Can J Psychiatry. 2018;63(9):590–596. Available at https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743718766052. Accessed October 21, 2023.

Affleck W, Carmichael V, Whitley R. Men’s mental health: Social determinants and implications for services. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 2018;63(9):581–589. Available at https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743718762388. Accessed October 21, 2023.

Parent MC, Hammer JH, Bradstreet TC,et al. Men’s mental health help-seeking behaviors: An intersectional analysis. American Journal of Men’s Health. 2018;12(1):64–73. Available at https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988315625776. Accessed October 21, 2023.

Dovidio JF, Fiske ST. Under the radar: How unexamined biases in decision-making processes in clinical interactions can contribute to health care disparities. American Journal of Public Health. 2012;102(5):945–952. Available at https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300601. Accessed April 1, 2023.

Liu CH, Stevens C, Wong SHM, et al. The prevalence and predictors of mental health diagnoses and suicide among U.S. college students: Implications for addressing disparities in service use. Depression and Anxiety. 2019;36(1):8–17. Available at https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22830. Accessed January 20, 2023.

Simpson SM, Krishnan LL, Kunik ME, et al. Racial disparities in diagnosis and treatment of depression: A literature review. Psychiatric Quarterly. 2007;78(1):3–14. Available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-006-9022-y. Accessed October 21, 2023.

Safran MA, Mays RA, Huang LN, et al. Mental health disparities. American Journal of Public Health. 2009;99(11):1962–1966. Available at https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.167346. Accessed October 21, 2023.

Riley T, O’Reilly L, Adams S. Addressing suicide among black youths: A call to action within and outside clinical practice. Journal of the American Medical Association - Pediatrics. 2021;175(9):895–897. Available at https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.1693. Accessed May 12, 2023.

Alang SM. “Black folk don’t get no severe depression”: Meanings and expressions of depression in a predominantly black urban neighborhood in Midwestern United States. Social Science & Medicine. 2016;157:1–8. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.03.032. Accessed November 2, 2023.

Bailey RK, Blackmon HL, Stevens FL. Major depressive disorder in the African American population: Meeting the challenges of stigma, misdiagnosis, and treatment disparities. Journal of the National Medical Association. 2009;101(11):1084–1089. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/S0027-9684(15)31102-0. Accessed December 19, 2024.