These authors contributed equally: Xueli Zheng, Bo Zhang, Phil De Luna.

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, M5S 1A4, Ontario, Canada

Xueli Zheng, Bo Zhang, Riccardo Comin, Oleksandr Voznyy, F. Pelayo García de Arquer, Min Liu, Cao Thang Dinh & Edward H. Sargent

Institute of New-Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China

Xueli Zheng, Lili Han & Xiwen Du

Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China

Bo Zhang, Sisi He & Huisheng Peng

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto, M5S 3E4, Ontario, Canada

Phil De Luna

The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, 94720, California, USA

Yufeng Liang & David Prendergast

Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, 11973, New York, USA

Lili Han & Huolin L. Xin

Center for Electron Microscopy, TUT-FEI Joint Laboratory, Institute for New Energy Materials & Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China

Lili Han

Canadian Light Source, Inc. (CLSI), 44 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, S7N 2V3, Saskatchewan, Canada

Tom Regier & James J. Dynes