Olsen H, Länne T. Reduced venous compliance in lower limbs of aging humans and its importance for capacitance function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 1998. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1998.275.3.h878.
Monahan KD, Dinenno FA, Seals DR, Halliwill JR. Smaller age-associated reductions in leg venous compliance in endurance exercise-trained men. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2001;281(3):1267. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.2001.281.3.h1267.
Beebe-Dimmer JL, Pfeifer JR, Engle JS, Schottenfeld D. The epidemiology of chronic venous insufficiency and varicose veins. Ann Epidemiol. 2005;15:175–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2004.05.015.
Hernandez JP, Franke WD. Age- and fitness-related differences in limb venous compliance do not affect tolerance to maximal lower body negative pressure in men and women. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2004;97:925–9. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01328.2003.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Esmon CT. Basic mechanisms and pathogenesis of venous thrombosis. Blood Rev. 2009;23:225–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.blre.2009.07.002.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Stick C, Hiedl U, Witzleb E. Venous pressure in the saphenous vein near the ankle during changes in posture and exercise at different ambient temperatures. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1993;66:434–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00599617.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Buckey JC, Peshock RM, Blomqvist CG. Deep venous contribution to hydrostatic blood volume change in the human leg. Am J Cardiol. 1988;62:449–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(88)90976-9.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Cohen JN, Au JS. The blueprint: contemporary venous physiology and measurement. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00294.2025.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bevegärd S, Lodin A. Postural circulatory changes at rest and during exercise in five patients with congenital absence of valves in the deep veins of the legs. Acta Med Scand. 1962;172:21–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0954-6820.1962.tb07124.x.
Stegall HF. Muscle pumping in the dependent leg. Circ Res. 1966;19:180–90. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.19.1.180.
Tauraginskii RA, Lurie F, Simakov S, Agalarov R, Khramtsov P, Babushkin M, et al. The human lower leg muscle pump functions as a flow diverter pump, maintaining low ambulatory venous pressures during locomotion. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2024;101996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2024.101996.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Laughlin MH. Skeletal muscle blood flow capacity: role of muscle pump in exercise hyperemia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 1987. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1987.253.5.h993.
Tauraginskii RA, Lurie F, Simakov S, Agalarov R, Borsuk D, Khramtsov P. Calf muscle pump pressure-flow cycle during ambulation. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2023;11:783-792.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2023.04.002.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Aratow M, Ballard RE, Crenshaw AG, Styf J, Watenpaugh DE, Kahan NJ, et al. Intramuscular pressure and electromyography as indexes of force during isokinetic exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1993;74:2634–40. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.74.6.2634.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Luderer V, Jung F, Brandenstein M, Stroszczynski C, Jung EM. First assessment of flow phenomena of acute and chronic thrombosis in the jugular veins using new ultrasound vector-flow imaging. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2024;86:133–42. https://doi.org/10.3233/CH-238117.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Marshall-Goebel K, Laurie SS, Alferova IV, Arbeille P, Auñón-Chancellor SM, Ebert DJ, et al. Assessment of jugular venous blood flow stasis and thrombosis during spaceflight. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.15011.
Migliacci R, Becattini C, Pesavento R, Davi G, Vedovati MC, Guglielmini G, et al. Endothelial dysfunction in patients with spontaneous venous thromboembolism. Haematologica. 2007;92:812–8. https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.10872.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Jezovnik MK, Poredos P, Lusa L. Idiopathic venous thrombosis is associated with preclinical atherosclerosis. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2010;17:304–11. https://doi.org/10.5551/jat.3079.
Hansen KL, Møller-Sørensen H, Kjaergaard J, Jensen MB, Jensen JA, Nielsen MB. Aortic valve stenosis increases helical flow and flow complexity: a study of intra-operative cardiac vector flow imaging. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2017;43:1607–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.03.018.
Hansen KL, Udesen J, Gran F, Jensen JA, Bachmann Nielsen M. In-vivo examples of flow patterns with the fast vector velocity ultrasound method. Ultraschall Med. 1980;30:471–7. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1109572.
Huang H, Chen PY, Huang CC. 40-MHz high-frequency vector Doppler imaging for superficial venous valve flow estimation. Med Phys. 2020;47:4020–31. https://doi.org/10.1002/mp.14362.
Cohen JN, Hedge ET, Greaves DK, Robertson AD, Nahas H, Yu ACH, et al. Characterization of internal jugular vein region-specific distension and flow patterns during progressive volume shifting. J Appl Physiol. 2024;137:32–41. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00162.2024.
Labropoulos N, Tiongson J, Pryor L, Tassiopoulos AK, Kang SS, Mansour MA, et al. Definition of venous reflux in lower-extremity veins. J Vasc Surg. 2003;38:793–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0741-5214(03)00424-5.
Paris MT, Lafleur B, Dubin JA, Mourtzakis M. Development of a bedside viable ultrasound protocol to quantify appendicular lean tissue mass. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2017;8:713–26. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12213.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Coolbaugh CL, Bush EC, Caskey CF, Damon BM, Towse TF. FloWave.US: validated, open-source, and flexible software for ultrasound blood flow analysis. J Appl Physiol. 2016;121:849–57. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00819.2015.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Cohen JN, Samra RA, Au JS. Supporting evidence for an “arterial pump” venous return mechanism in humans. J Appl Physiol. 2023;135:1120–5. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00480.2023.
Yiu BYS, Yu ACH. Least-squares multi-angle Doppler estimators for plane-wave vector flow imaging. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2016;63:1733–44. https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2016.2582514.
Au JS, Yiu BYS, So H, Chee AJY, Greaves DK, Hughson RL, et al. Ultrasound vector projectile imaging for detection of altered carotid bifurcation hemodynamics during reductions in cardiac output. Med Phys. 2020;47:431–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/mp.13905.
Cohen JN, Jasiak JN, Nahas H, Yu ACH, Au JS. Multidirectional blood flow in the femoral artery via vector flow imaging: Doppler ultrasound imaging insights. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2024;327:H1467-73. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00690.2024.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Yiu BYS, Walczak M, Lewandowski M, Yu ACH. Live ultrasound color-encoded speckle imaging platform for real-time complex flow visualization in vivo. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2019;66:656–68. https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2019.2892731.
Layec G, Venturelli M, Jeong EK, Richardson RS. The validity of anthropometric leg muscle volume estimation across a wide spectrum: from able-bodied adults to individuals with a spinal cord injury. J Appl Physiol. 2014;116:1142–7. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01120.2013.
Comments (0)