Zhou H, Tan L, Liu B, Guan XY. Cancer stem cells: recent insights and therapies. Biochem Pharmacol. 2023;209:115441.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barbato L, Bocchetti M, Di Biase A, Regad T. Cancer stem cells and targeting strategies. Cells. 2019;8:926.

Carnero A, García-Mayea Y, Mir C, Lorente J, Rubio IT, Leonart ME. The cancer stem-cell signaling network and resistance to therapy. Cancer Treat Rev. 2016;49:25–36.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kaur J, Bhattacharyya S. Cancer stem cells: metabolic characterization for targeted cancer therapy. Front Oncol. 2021;11:756888.

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mehraj U, Dar AH, Wani NA, Mir MA. Tumor microenvironment promotes breast cancer chemoresistance. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2021;87:147–58.

Najafi M, Farhood B, Mortezaee K. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) in cancer progression and therapy. J Cell Physiol. 2019;234:8381–95.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chu X, Tian W, Ning J, Xiao G, Zhou Y, Wang Z, et al. Cancer stem cells: advances in knowledge and implications for cancer therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2024;9:170.

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zeng Z, Fu M, Hu Y, Wei Y, Wei X, Luo M. Regulation and signaling pathways in cancer stem cells: implications for targeted therapy for cancer. Mol Cancer. 2023;22:172.

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dakal TC, Bhushan R, Xu C, Gadi BR, Cameotra SS, Yadav V, et al. Intricate relationship between cancer stemness, metastasis, and drug resistance. MedComm (2020). 2024;5:e710.

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shen Y, Sun Y, Li X, Wang Y, Huang T, Li T, et al. Novel anti-tumor strategies: targeting the crosstalk between cancer stem cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts to resist drug resistance. Cancer Drug Resist. 2026;9:3.

PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McWhorter R, Bonavida B. The role of TAMs in the regulation of tumor cell resistance to chemotherapy. Crit Rev Oncog. 2024;29:97–125.

Bajetto A, Thellung S, Dellacasagrande I, Pagano A, Barbieri F, Florio T. Cross talk between mesenchymal and glioblastoma stem cells: communication beyond controversies. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2020;9:1310–30.

Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wilson RJ, Thomas CD, Fox R, Roy DB, Kunin WE. Spatial patterns in species distributions reveal biodiversity change. Nature. 2004;432:393–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Prasetyanti PR, Medema JP. Intra-tumor heterogeneity from a cancer stem cell perspective. Mol Cancer. 2017;16:41.

Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu L, Han L, Zhou C, Wei W, Chen X, Yi H, et al. TGF-beta1-induced CK17 enhances cancer stem cell-like properties rather than EMT in promoting cervical cancer metastasis via the ERK1/2-MZF1 signaling pathway. FEBS J. 2017;284:3000–17.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Velázquez-Quesada I, Ruiz-Moreno AJ, Casique-Aguirre D, Aguirre-Alvarado C, Cortés-Mendoza F, de la Fuente-Granada M, et al. Pranlukast antagonizes cd49f and reduces stemness in triple-negative breast cancer cells. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2020;14:1799–811.

Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bigoni-Ordonez GD, Ortiz-Sanchez E, Rosendo-Chalma P, Valencia-Gonzalez HA, Aceves C, Garcia-Carranca A. Molecular iodine inhibits the expression of stemness markers on cancer stem-like cells of established cell lines derived from cervical cancer. BMC Cancer. 2018;18:928.

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Toledo-Guzman ME, Bigoni-Ordonez GD, Ibanez Hernandez M, Ortiz-Sanchez E. Cancer stem cell impact on clinical oncology. World J Stem Cells. 2018;10:183–95.

Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Krebsbach PH, Villa-Diaz LG. The role of integrin alpha6 (CD49f) in stem cells: more than a conserved biomarker. Stem Cells Dev. 2017;26:1090–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lin SA, Barker N. Gastrointestinal stem cells in self-renewal and cancer. J Gastroenterol. 2011;46:1039–55.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ho TC, LaMere M, Stevens BM, Ashton JM, Myers JR, O’Dwyer KM, et al. Evolution of acute myelogenous leukemia stem cell properties after treatment and progression. Blood. 2016;128:1671–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Auvergne R, Wu C, Connell A, Au S, Cornwell A, Osipovitch M, et al. PAR1 inhibition suppresses the self-renewal and growth of A2B5-defined glioma progenitor cells and their derived gliomas in vivo. Oncogene. 2016;35:3817–28.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bao S, Wu Q, Li Z, Sathornsumetee S, Wang H, McLendon RE, et al. Targeting cancer stem cells through L1CAM suppresses glioma growth. Cancer Res. 2008;68:6043–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li XF, Chen C, Xiang DM, Qu L, Sun W, Lu XY, et al. Chronic inflammation-elicited liver progenitor cell conversion to liver cancer stem cell with clinical significance. Hepatology. 2017;66:1934–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hemmati HD, Nakano I, Lazareff JA, Masterman-Smith M, Geschwind DH, Bronner-Fraser M, et al. Cancerous stem cells can arise from pediatric brain tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003;100:15178–83.

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ma I, Allan AL. The role of human aldehyde dehydrogenase in normal and cancer stem cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep. 2011;7:292–306.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen YC, Hsu HS, Chen YW, Tsai TH, How CK, Wang CY, et al. Oct-4 expression maintained cancer stem-like properties in lung cancer-derived CD133-positive cells. PLoS One. 2008;3:e2637.

Gisina A, Kim Y, Yarygin K, Lupatov A. Can CD133 be regarded as a prognostic biomarker in oncology: pros and cons? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17398.

Xu H, Niu M, Yuan X, Wu K, Liu A. CD44 as a tumor biomarker and therapeutic target. Exp Hematol Oncol. 2020;9:36.

Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Varisli L, Zoumpourlis P, Spandidos DA, Zoumpourlis V, Vlahopoulos S. ALDH1A1 in breast cancer: a prospective target to overcome therapy resistance (Review). Oncol Lett. 2025;29:213.

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Borlongan MC, Wang H. Profiling and targeting cancer stem cell signaling pathways for cancer therapeutics. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2023;11:1125174.

Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bonnet D, Dick JE. Human acute myeloid leukemia is organized as a hierarchy that originates from a primitive hematopoietic cell. Nat Med. 1997;3:730–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li K, Zhang TT, Zhao CX, Wang F, Cui B, Yang ZN, et al. Faciogenital dysplasia 5 supports cancer stem cell traits in basal-like breast cancer by enhancing EGFR stability. Sci Transl Med. 2021;13: eabb2914.

Easwaran H, Tsai HC, Baylin SB. Cancer epigenetics: tumor heterogeneity, plasticity of stem-like states, and drug resistance. Mol Cell. 2014;54:716–27.

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li YR, Fang Y, Lyu Z, Zhu Y, Yang L. Exploring the dynamic interplay between cancer stem cells and the tumor microenvironment: implications for novel therapeutic strategies. J Transl Med. 2023;21:686.

Article  PubMed Central  PubMed