Bhambara AK, Singh A, Sahajpal V, Thakur M, Bhandari D, Sharma S, et al. Evaluation of genetic polymorphisms at 21 autosomal STR loci in Ramgharia Sikh population of Punjab, India. Ann Hum Biol. 2022;49(5–6):263–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014460.2022.2126888.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bright JA, Kelly H, Kerr Z, McGovern C, Taylor D, Buckleton JS. The interpretation of forensic DNA profiles: an historical perspective. J R Soc N Z. 2019;50(2):211–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/03036758.2019.1692044.

Article  Google Scholar 

Budowle B, Van Daal A. Forensically relevant SNP classes. Biotechniques. 2008;44:603–10. https://doi.org/10.2144/000112806.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dev K, Kesharwani L, Kushwaha P, Kumar A, Srivastav KVV, Rana M, et al. Revealing genomic history and forensic features of Gurjars from western Uttar Pradesh and National Capital Region Delhi using 23 autosomal STRs. Leg Med. 2021;53:101932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2021.101932.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Diegoli TM. Forensic typing of short tandem repeat markers on the X and Y chromosomes. Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2015;18:140–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.03.013.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ekka A, Kujur K, Sirmour R, Guha D, Padhye SA, Verma A, et al. Genetic polymorphism of 15 autosomal STR loci in population of Chhattisgarh, India. Gene Rep. 2020;21:100883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100883.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Evanno G, Regnaut S, Goudet J. Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: a simulation study. Mol Ecol. 2005;14(8):2611–20.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Excoffier L, Lischer HEL. Arlequin suite ver 3.5: a new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under Linux and Windows. Mol Ecol Resour. 2010;10:564–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gouy A, Zieger M. STRAF—a convenient online tool for STR data evaluation in forensic genetics. Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2017;30:148–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02847.x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hakim HM, Khan HO, Ismail SA, et al. Assessment of QIAGEN™ Investigator® 24plex GO! kit workflow for autosomal STR profiling of forensic reference samples. Egypt J Forensic Sci. 2020;10:34. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41935-020-00203-5.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hammer Ø, Harper DA. Past: paleontological statistics software package for educaton and data anlysis. Palaeontol Electron. 2001;4:1.

Google Scholar 

Hill CR, Duewer DL, Kline MC, Coble MD, Butler JM. US population data for 29 autosomal STR loci. Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2013;7(3):e82–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2012.12.004.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jobling M, Gill P. Encoded evidence: DNA in forensic analysis. Nat Rev Genet. 2004;5:739–51. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg1455.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pritchard JK, Stephens M, Donnelly P. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics. 2000;155(2):945–59. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/155.2.945.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kraaijenbrink T, van Driem GL, Opgenort J-RM, Tuladhar NM, de Knijff P. Allele frequency distribution for 21 autosomal STR loci in Nepal. Forensic Sci Int. 2007;168:227–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.02.014.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kumar A, Kumar R, Kumawat RK, Shrivastava P, Chaubey G. Genomic diversity at 22 STR loci (extended CODIS STR) in the population of Rajasthan, India. Gene Rep. 2021;23:101150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101150.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Li Z, Zhang J, Zhang H, Lin Z, Ye J. Genetic polymorphisms in 18 autosomal STR loci in the Tibetan population living in Tibet Chamdo, Southwest China. Int J Legal Med. 2018;132:733–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-017-1740-1.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mahal DG, Matsoukas IG. Y-STR haplogroup diversity in the Jat population reveals several different ancient origins. Front Genet. 2017;8:121. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2017.00121.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mohapatra BK, Chauhan K, Thakur US, Yadav B, Raina A. Genetic analysis and evolutionary relationship of Jammu and Kashmir Muslim population with short tandem repeat loci. Int J Curr Res. 2016;8:36398–401.

Google Scholar 

Morlote DM, Gayden T, Arvind P, Babu A, Herrera RJ. The Soliga, an isolated tribe from Southern India: genetic diversity and phylogenetic affinities. J Hum Genet. 2011;56:258–69.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mubarik N, Ganei MA, Dixit S, Kumawat RK, Sequeira JJ, Ahangar NA, et al. Exploring the genetic implications of demographic dynamics in Jammu and Kashmir using autosomal STRs. Int J Legal Med. 2025;139(2):563–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-024-03364-3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Noor S, Ali S, Eaaswarkhanth M, Haque I. Allele frequency distribution for 15 autosomal STR loci in Afridi Pathan population of Uttar Pradesh, India. Leg Med Tokyo. 2009;11:308–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2009.08.002.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O’Connor KL, Hill CR, Vallone PM, Butler JM. Linkage disequilibrium analysis of D12S391 and vWA in U.S. population and paternity samples. Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2011;5(5):538–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2010.09.003.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Parson W, Ballard D, Budowle B, Butler JM, Gettings KB, Gill P, et al. Massively parallel sequencing of forensic STRs: considerations of the DNA commission of the International Society for Forensic Genetics (ISFG) on minimal nomenclature requirements. Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2016;22:54–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.01.009.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peakall R, Smouse PE. GenAlEx 6: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research. Mol Ecol Notes. 2006;6:288–95.

Article  Google Scholar 

Roy S, Eaaswarkhanth M, Dubey B, Haque I. Autosomal STR variations in three endogamous populations of West Bengal, India. Leg Med Tokyo. 2008;10:326–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2008.06.001.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sahajpal V, Rajput S, Sharma T, Sharma A, Thakar MK. Development and evaluation of a novel DNA purification buffer and protocol for blood samples on FTA cards. Forensic Science International: Reports. 2019;1:100014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsir.2019.100014.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sequeira JJ, Panda M, Dixit S, Kumawat R, Mustak MS, Sharma AN, et al. Forensic characterization, genomic variability and ancestry analysis of six populations from Odisha using mtDNA SNPs and autosomal STRs. Biochem Genet. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10528-024-10887-2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sequeira JJ, Shastri S, Shrivastava P, Yadav R, Yadav B, Sharma S, et al. Exploring the genetic footprints of the gotra system in the Koṅkaṇī Sārasvata Brahmins. Mol Genet Genomics. 2025;300(1):76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-025-02280-4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shafique M, Sajid N, Aziz Y, Afzal M, Shahzad M, Shehzadi A, et al. Genetic data of 22 autosomal STR loci in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan and Gilgit Baltistan population of Pakistan using PowerPlex® fusion system. Leg Med (Tokyo). 2022;59:102129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2022.102129.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sharma S, Rai E, Sharma P, et al. The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1* substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system. J Hum Genet. 2009;54:47–55. https://doi.org/10.1038/jhg.2008.2.

Article  CAS  PubMed