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10.1172/JCI204429
1Center for Systems and Computational Biology, and
2Center for Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Department, Rutgers Cancer Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
3Department of Cancer Epidemiology,
4 Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, and
5Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
6Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
7Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
8Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
9Department of Pathology, and
10Department of Radiation Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
11Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Oncology, NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
12Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
13Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
Address correspondence to: Nancy Gillis, Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA. Phone: 1.813.745.6442; Email: nancy.gillis@moffitt.org. Or to: Hossein Khiabanian, Department of Pathology, Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, Rutgers Cancer Institute, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA. Phone: 1.401.742.3113; Email: h.khiabanian@rutgers.edu. Or to: Shridar Gensan, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, 160 E 34th St, New York, New York 10016, USA. Phone: 1.908.656.1427; Email: shridar.ganesan@nyulangone.org.
Find articles by Arabzadeh, M. in: PubMed | Google Scholar
1Center for Systems and Computational Biology, and
2Center for Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Department, Rutgers Cancer Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
3Department of Cancer Epidemiology,
4 Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, and
5Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
6Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
7Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
8Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
9Department of Pathology, and
10Department of Radiation Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
11Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Oncology, NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
12Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
13Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
Address correspondence to: Nancy Gillis, Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA. Phone: 1.813.745.6442; Email: nancy.gillis@moffitt.org. Or to: Hossein Khiabanian, Department of Pathology, Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, Rutgers Cancer Institute, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA. Phone: 1.401.742.3113; Email: h.khiabanian@rutgers.edu. Or to: Shridar Gensan, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, 160 E 34th St, New York, New York 10016, USA. Phone: 1.908.656.1427; Email: shridar.ganesan@nyulangone.org.
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1Center for Systems and Computational Biology, and
2Center for Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Department, Rutgers Cancer Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
3Department of Cancer Epidemiology,
4 Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, and
5Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
6Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
7Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
8Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
9Department of Pathology, and
10Department of Radiation Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
11Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Oncology, NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
12Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
13Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
Address correspondence to: Nancy Gillis, Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA. Phone: 1.813.745.6442; Email: nancy.gillis@moffitt.org. Or to: Hossein Khiabanian, Department of Pathology, Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, Rutgers Cancer Institute, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA. Phone: 1.401.742.3113; Email: h.khiabanian@rutgers.edu. Or to: Shridar Gensan, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, 160 E 34th St, New York, New York 10016, USA. Phone: 1.908.656.1427; Email: shridar.ganesan@nyulangone.org.
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1Center for Systems and Computational Biology, and
2Center for Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Department, Rutgers Cancer Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
3Department of Cancer Epidemiology,
4 Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, and
5Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
6Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
7Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
8Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
9Department of Pathology, and
10Department of Radiation Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
11Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Oncology, NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
12Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
13Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
Address correspondence to: Nancy Gillis, Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA. Phone: 1.813.745.6442; Email: nancy.gillis@moffitt.org. Or to: Hossein Khiabanian, Department of Pathology, Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, Rutgers Cancer Institute, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA. Phone: 1.401.742.3113; Email: h.khiabanian@rutgers.edu. Or to: Shridar Gensan, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, 160 E 34th St, New York, New York 10016, USA. Phone: 1.908.656.1427; Email: shridar.ganesan@nyulangone.org.
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1Center for Systems and Computational Biology, and
2Center for Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Department, Rutgers Cancer Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
3Department of Cancer Epidemiology,
4 Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, and
5Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
6Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
7Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
8Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
9Department of Pathology, and
10Department of Radiation Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
11Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Oncology, NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
12Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
13Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
Address correspondence to: Nancy Gillis, Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA. Phone: 1.813.745.6442; Email: nancy.gillis@moffitt.org. Or to: Hossein Khiabanian, Department of Pathology, Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, Rutgers Cancer Institute, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA. Phone: 1.401.742.3113; Email: h.khiabanian@rutgers.edu. Or to: Shridar Gensan, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, 160 E 34th St, New York, New York 10016, USA. Phone: 1.908.656.1427; Email: shridar.ganesan@nyulangone.org.
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1Center for Systems and Computational Biology, and
2Center for Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Department, Rutgers Cancer Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
3Department of Cancer Epidemiology,
4 Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, and
5Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
6Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
7Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
8Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
9Department of Pathology, and
10Department of Radiation Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
11Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Oncology, NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
12Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
13Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
Address correspondence to: Nancy Gillis, Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA. Phone: 1.813.745.6442; Email: nancy.gillis@moffitt.org. Or to: Hossein Khiabanian, Department of Pathology, Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, Rutgers Cancer Institute, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA. Phone: 1.401.742.3113; Email: h.khiabanian@rutgers.edu. Or to: Shridar Gensan, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, 160 E 34th St, New York, New York 10016, USA. Phone: 1.908.656.1427; Email: shridar.ganesan@nyulangone.org.
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1Center for Systems and Computational Biology, and
2Center for Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Department, Rutgers Cancer Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
3Department of Cancer Epidemiology,
4 Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, and
5Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
6Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
7Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
8Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
9Department of Pathology, and
10Department of Radiation Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
11Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Oncology, NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
12Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
13Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
Address correspondence to: Nancy Gillis, Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA. Phone: 1.813.745.6442; Email: nancy.gillis@moffitt.org. Or to: Hossein Khiabanian, Department of Pathology, Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, Rutgers Cancer Institute, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA. Phone: 1.401.742.3113; Email: h.khiabanian@rutgers.edu. Or to: Shridar Gensan, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, 160 E 34th St, New York, New York 10016, USA. Phone: 1.908.656.1427; Email: shridar.ganesan@nyulangone.org.
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1Center for Systems and Computational Biology, and
2Center for Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Department, Rutgers Cancer Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
3Department of Cancer Epidemiology,
4 Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, and
5Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
6Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
7Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
8Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
9Department of Pathology, and
10Department of Radiation Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
11Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Oncology, NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
12Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
13Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
Address correspondence to: Nancy Gillis, Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA. Phone: 1.813.745.6442; Email: nancy.gillis@moffitt.org. Or to: Hossein Khiabanian, Department of Pathology, Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, Rutgers Cancer Institute, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA. Phone: 1.401.742.3113; Email: h.khiabanian@rutgers.edu. Or to: Shridar Gensan, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, 160 E 34th St, New York, New York 10016, USA. Phone: 1.908.656.1427; Email: shridar.ganesan@nyulangone.org.
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1Center for Systems and Computational Biology, and
2Center for Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Department, Rutgers Cancer Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
3Department of Cancer Epidemiology,
4 Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, and
5Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
6Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
7Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
8Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
9Department of Pathology, and
10Department of Radiation Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
11Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Oncology, NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
12Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
13Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
Address correspondence to: Nancy Gillis, Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA. Phone: 1.813.745.6442; Email: nancy.gillis@moffitt.org. Or to: Hossein Khiabanian, Department of Pathology, Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, Rutgers Cancer Institute, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA. Phone: 1.401.742.3113; Email: h.khiabanian@rutgers.edu. Or to: Shridar Gensan, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, 160 E 34th St, New York, New York 10016, USA. Phone: 1.908.656.1427; Email: shridar.ganesan@nyulangone.org.
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Teng, M.
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1Center for Systems and Computational Biology, and
2Center for Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Department, Rutgers Cancer Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
3Department of Cancer Epidemiology,
4 Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, and
5Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
6Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
7Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
8Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
9Department of Pathology, and
10Department of Radiation Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
11Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Oncology, NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
12Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
13Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
Address correspondence to: Nancy Gillis, Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA. Phone: 1.813.745.6442; Email: nancy.gillis@moffitt.org. Or to: Hossein Khiabanian, Department of Pathology, Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, Rutgers Cancer Institute, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA. Phone: 1.401.742.3113; Email: h.khiabanian@rutgers.edu. Or to: Shridar Gensan, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, 160 E 34th St, New York, New York 10016, USA. Phone: 1.908.656.1427; Email: shridar.ganesan@nyulangone.org.
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1Center for Systems and Computational Biology, and
2Center for Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Department, Rutgers Cancer Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
3Department of Cancer Epidemiology,
4 Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, and
5Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
6Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
7Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
8Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
9Department of Pathology, and
10Department of Radiation Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
11Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Oncology, NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
12Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
13Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
Address correspondence to: Nancy Gillis, Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA. Phone: 1.813.745.6442; Email: nancy.gillis@moffitt.org. Or to: Hossein Khiabanian, Department of Pathology, Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, Rutgers Cancer Institute, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA. Phone: 1.401.742.3113; Email: h.khiabanian@rutgers.edu. Or to: Shridar Gensan, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, 160 E 34th St, New York, New York 10016, USA. Phone: 1.908.656.1427; Email: shridar.ganesan@nyulangone.org.
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1Center for Systems and Computational Biology, and
2Center for Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Department, Rutgers Cancer Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
3Department of Cancer Epidemiology,
4 Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, and
5Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
6Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
7Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
8Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
9Department of Pathology, and
10Department of Radiation Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
11Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Oncology, NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
12Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
13Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
Address correspondence to: Nancy Gillis, Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA. Phone: 1.813.745.6442; Email: nancy.gillis@moffitt.org. Or to: Hossein Khiabanian, Department of Pathology, Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, Rutgers Cancer Institute, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA. Phone: 1.401.742.3113; Email: h.khiabanian@rutgers.edu. Or to: Shridar Gensan, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, 160 E 34th St, New York, New York 10016, USA. Phone: 1.908.656.1427; Email: shridar.ganesan@nyulangone.org.
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1Center for Systems and Computational Biology, and
2Center for Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Department, Rutgers Cancer Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
3Department of Cancer Epidemiology,
4 Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, and
5Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
6Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
7Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
8Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
9Department of Pathology, and
10Department of Radiation Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
11Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Oncology, NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
12Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
13Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
Address correspondence to: Nancy Gillis, Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA. Phone: 1.813.745.6442; Email: nancy.gillis@moffitt.org. Or to: Hossein Khiabanian, Department of Pathology, Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, Rutgers Cancer Institute, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA. Phone: 1.401.742.3113; Email: h.khiabanian@rutgers.edu. Or to: Shridar Gensan, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, 160 E 34th St, New York, New York 10016, USA. Phone: 1.908.656.1427; Email: shridar.ganesan@nyulangone.org.
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Garber, J.
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1Center for Systems and Computational Biology, and
2Center for Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Department, Rutgers Cancer Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
3Department of Cancer Epidemiology,
4 Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, and
5Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
6Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
7Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
8Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
9Department of Pathology, and
10Department of Radiation Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
11Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Oncology, NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
12Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
13Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
Address correspondence to: Nancy Gillis, Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA. Phone: 1.813.745.6442; Email: nancy.gillis@moffitt.org. Or to: Hossein Khiabanian, Department of Pathology, Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, Rutgers Cancer Institute, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA. Phone: 1.401.742.3113; Email: h.khiabanian@rutgers.edu. Or to: Shridar Gensan, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, 160 E 34th St, New York, New York 10016, USA. Phone: 1.908.656.1427; Email: shridar.ganesan@nyulangone.org.
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1Center for Systems and Computational Biology, and
2Center for Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Department, Rutgers Cancer Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
3Department of Cancer Epidemiology,
4 Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, and
5Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
6Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
7Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
8Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
9Department of Pathology, and
10Department of Radiation Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
11Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Oncology, NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
12Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
13Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
Address correspondence to: Nancy Gillis, Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA. Phone: 1.813.745.6442; Email: nancy.gillis@moffitt.org. Or to: Hossein Khiabanian, Department of Pathology, Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, Rutgers Cancer Institute, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA. Phone: 1.401.742.3113; Email: h.khiabanian@rutgers.edu. Or to: Shridar Gensan, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, 160 E 34th St, New York, New York 10016, USA. Phone: 1.908.656.1427; Email: shridar.ganesan@nyulangone.org.
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1Center for Systems and Computational Biology, and
2Center for Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Department, Rutgers Cancer Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
3Department of Cancer Epidemiology,
4 Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, and
5Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
6Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
7Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
8Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
9Department of Pathology, and
10Department of Radiation Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
11Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Oncology, NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
12Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
13Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
Address correspondence to: Nancy Gillis, Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA. Phone: 1.813.745.6442; Email: nancy.gillis@moffitt.org. Or to: Hossein Khiabanian, Department of Pathology, Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, Rutgers Cancer Institute, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA. Phone: 1.401.742.3113; Email: h.khiabanian@rutgers.edu. Or to: Shridar Gensan, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, 160 E 34th St, New York, New York 10016, USA. Phone: 1.908.656.1427; Email: shridar.ganesan@nyulangone.org.
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1Center for Systems and Computational Biology, and
2Center for Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Department, Rutgers Cancer Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
3Department of Cancer Epidemiology,
4 Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, and
5Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
6Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
7Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
8Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
9Department of Pathology, and
10Department of Radiation Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
11Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Oncology, NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
12Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
13Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
Address correspondence to: Nancy Gillis, Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA. Phone: 1.813.745.6442; Email: nancy.gillis@moffitt.org. Or to: Hossein Khiabanian, Department of Pathology, Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, Rutgers Cancer Institute, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA. Phone: 1.401.742.3113; Email: h.khiabanian@rutgers.edu. Or to: Shridar Gensan, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, 160 E 34th St, New York, New York 10016, USA. Phone: 1.908.656.1427; Email: shridar.ganesan@nyulangone.org.
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Published June 9, 2026 - More info
Published in Volume 136, Issue 14 on July 15, 2026
AbstractClonal hematopoiesis (CH) is the age-related expansion of mutated hematopoietic stem cells without hematologic abnormalities. In patients with solid tumors, CH is associated with higher mortality and may evolve to therapy-related myeloid neoplasms; however, the mechanisms by which cancer treatments promote CH dynamics remain largely unknown. Here, we analyzed 392 serial samples from a prospective cohort of patients with breast cancer and show that cytotoxic treatments led to strong therapeutic bottlenecks, resulting in significant reductions in hematopoietic allelic populations and differential clonal selection. Positively selected CH that expanded through dose-dependent therapeutic bottlenecks harbored mutations in TP53, PPM1D, SRCAP, DNMT3A, and YLPM1. Patients with positively selected CH during treatment had the shortest progression-free and overall survival compared with patients with unchanging or negatively selected CH across all therapies. These findings, validated in independent breast cancer and pan-cancer cohorts, provide strong evidence for the clinical relevance of monitoring CH during cancer treatment.
Graphical Abstract
Introduction
Clonal hematopoiesis (CH) is caused by the expansion of hematopoietic stem cells that carry somatic alterations in genes recurrently mutated in myeloid neoplasms. CH mutations with variant allele frequencies (VAFs) of 2% or higher, defined as clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP), are associated with increased overall mortality, cardiovascular disease, and progression to hematologic neoplasms (1–4). CH mutations are more common in individuals with solid tumors compared with healthy population-based cohorts (5) and are routinely detected in blood and tumor specimens (6–8).
The growth pattern and Darwinian evolution of mutation-driven CH resemble cancer and are shaped by gene-specific fitness effects, hematopoietic cell–specific rates of mutation, and imposed adaptive pressure on hematopoiesis (9–14). Cross-sectional studies have demonstrated a higher prevalence of CH mutations, particularly at CHIP-defining levels, following exposure to cancer therapy (15). Longitudinal studies in cancer-free populations and patients with solid tumors have further shown mutation-specific CH evolution and progression to myeloid malignancies (16–20). Analyses in patients with solid tumors reveal distinct mutational patterns and clinical associations under cancer treatment (21–25); however, the evolutionary mechanisms driving differential CH clonal dynamics and their relationship to clinical outcomes are largely unknown.
Extrinsic selection pressures imposed by cancer therapy may induce hematopoietic stress that promotes CH clonal expansion or leukemic transformation or, conversely, lead to depletion of mutated hematopoietic cell populations after treatment for solid tumors (26–28). Restriction of therapeutic bottlenecks results in deep reductions in hematopoietic allelic populations, establishing an evolutionary setting in which fitter clones preferentially expand, while less fit or neutral clones may or may not persist due to highly stochastic random drift.
To investigate the impact of cancer treatment on mutation-driven CH, we analyzed 392 serial peripheral blood samples collected from patients with breast cancer before, during, and after treatment. We quantified treatment-specific selective pressures, clonal fitness, and effective hematopoietic cell population sizes, and evaluated associations between CH dynamics and clinical outcomes (Supplemental Figure 1). Our findings were validated in independent cohorts of patients with breast and pan-cancer tumors.
ResultsCH mutational spectrum at breast cancer diagnosis
Mapping the mutational landscape of CH mutations in samples collected before treatment initiation (range, 1 day to 7.7 months) revealed 160 protein-changing CH mutations (VAF ≥0.01%) in 55% of patients (94 of 171) (Figure 1, A and B), across the genes included in our targeted sequencing panel (Supplemental Table 1). Patients with CH at diagnosis were older than those without CH (median age, 62 vs. 52 years; P < 0.001) (Table 1). The prevalence of CH increased with age, reaching 75% among patients aged 65 to 75 years (Figure 1C). The median number of CH mutations within an individual was 1 (range, 0–5) and was associated with age (P = 0.04) (Figure 1D).
Figure 1Prevalence and mutational distribution of CH prior to treatment for breast cancer. (A) Density distribution of CH mutation VAFs. (B) Percentage of patients with or without CH, stratified according to the number of detected mutations per individual. (C) Proportion of patients with CH across age groups. (D) Number of patients with CH across age groups, stratified on the basis of the number of detected mutations per individual.
Table 1Clinical characteristics of patients with breast cancer in the discovery cohort
In DNMT3A, TET2, and ASXL1, the most frequently mutated CH genes in healthy populations (29, 30), we detected missense, loss-of-function nonsense, and frameshift mutations in 60% of patients with CH mutations (60 of 94) (Figure 2A and Supplemental Table 2; supplemental material available online with this article; https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI204429DS1). To assess evidence of clonal selection (31), we compared observed mutation classes with expectations based on nucleotide composition. In 83% of genes with at least 5 nonsynonymous mutations (5 of 6 genes), nonsense substitutions were enriched 7- to 18-fold relative to neutral expectations (FDR <0.001) (Figure 2B). Although the limited number of missense substitutions in the remaining genes did not provide power to assess their clonal selection (Supplemental Table 3), these results corroborate the extent of population-level, positive selection of loss-of-function mutations in CH (9).
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