1Department of Environmental Sciences, Sevadal Mahila Mahavidyalaya and
Research Academy, Umrer Road, Sakkardara, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India 440024

2Department of Zoology, Sevadal Mahila Mahavidyalaya and Research Academy,
Umrer Road, Sakkardara, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India 440024

Corresponding author email: prachirajurkar29@gmail.com

Article Publishing History

Received: 14/03/2026

Accepted After Revision: 26/06/2026

ABSTRACT:

Forest biomass is a viable source of sustainable energy without disrupting ecological balance.  Tectona grandis (Teak) is widely valued for its durable timber, distinctive chemical composition and high energy potential. Estimating the fuel characteristics of dominant forest tree species can identify potential biomass energy sources to support sustainable resource management. The objectives of this study were to determine and compare the calorific value of wood from Tectona grandis and other important forest tree species to evaluate their potential for environmentally sustainable energy use. Wood samples were collected from representative tree species selected based on forest inventory, indicating their ecological and economic importance. The collected wood samples were air-dried, crushed, pelletised, and analysed. The energy content of each sample was determined using a bomb calorimeter, which measures the heat released during complete combustion. Comparative analysis was conducted to identify variations in calorific value among the studied species. The analysis proved noticeable differences in calorific values among tree species. Tectona grandis exhibited comparatively higher calorific values. The results indicate that several forest species possess considerable energy potential, highlighting the ecological and economic importance of forest biomass. It also indicates that the calorific characteristics can provide insights into the productive capacity of forest ecosystems and their potential contribution to renewable energy resourcesfor linking ecological conservation with sustainable energy utilisation. Tectona grandis shows relatively high energy content, which suggests that teak is a valuable and environmentally sustainable biomass energy resource.

KEYWORDS:

Biomass energy; Calorific value; Forest Inventory; Sustainable Energy.

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Suryawanshi P. V, Tapase B. S, Syed A. Assessment of Calorific Value and Sustainable Bio-energy Potential of Tectona grandis and Associated Forest Biomass in the Nagpur Forest Division, Maharashtra, India. Biosc.Biotech.Res.Comm. 2026;19(2).

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Suryawanshi P. V, Tapase B. S, Syed A. Assessment of Calorific Value and Sustainable Bio-energy Potential of Tectona grandis
and Associated Forest Biomass in the Nagpur Forest Division, Maharashtra, India. Biosc.Biotech.Res.Comm. 2026;19(2). Available from: <ahref=”https://shorturl.at/ufvB4“>https://shorturl.at/ufvB4</a>

INTRODUCTION

India is recognised as one of the world’s megadiverse countries, supporting nearly eight per cent of the global biodiversity within its geographical area of approximately 328.73 million hectares (Mha), holding about 2.4% of the land, and over 45000 plant species have been found in India. (IUCN India Fact Sheet 2018). Only one-fifth of the national land area is occupied by forest ecosystems, which contribute to ecological stability, climate regulation, and biological diversity (Apichart, 1989). Tectona grandis belongs to the family Lamiaceae and is one of the important forest species widely valued for its durable hardwood and ecological importance. It is also one of the most cultivated and planted species in tropical regions due to suitable weather conditions. India possesses one of the largest reservoirs of teak genetic resources, and natural teak forests are widely distributed across several regions, including Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Odisha, and Rajasthan (Palanisami et al., 2009; India State Forest Report, 2023; Bahtiar et al., 2023).

In addition to its commercial value, teak is a potential renewable biomass resource with higher calorific value. The higher calorific value of teak depends upon various conditions during its growth.  In general, higher extractive and oil content in wood is directly proportional to greater energy during combustion. Study of variation in calorific values among forest tree species can therefore provide useful takeaways into their potential contribution to sustainable bioenergy resources and forest management strategies (Chandrashekara, 1996; Contractor et al., 1996; Evans et al., 2004; State Forest Report 2015; Vasudevan et al., 1996; Sulankatchi et al 2024).

There are some studies on biofuels from biomass of different species like Gmelina arborea and Pentaclethra macrophylla. (Bentham), (Singh and Misra, 2005; Emerhi, 2011; Adeleke et al., 2020), but the studies related to the Nagpur region with forest inventory and comparative analysis of calorific values of Tectona grandis and other forest species are very scanty.

The Nagpur Forest Division, located in central India, has an average elevation of about 300 m above mean sea level, with diverse topography, variable soil types, and a tropical monsoon climate with an average annual rainfall of about 1101.4 millimetres (mm) and an average temperature of about 27 degrees Celsius (oC). Hydrologically, this region is well-drained. The presence of ancient crystalline rocks, such as gneiss and granulite, and several sedimentary rock formations, including coal-bearing strata, is present in certain parts of this region.

The soils of the division are classified into six types: black soil, Morand soil, which contains a relatively higher lime content than black soil; Khardi soil found in hilly areas; Bardi soil consisting of red gravel mixed with boulders; Kachhar soil formed by silt deposition; and Wardi soil characterised by a high proportion of sand. The climate of the region is characterised by hot summers, a distinct monsoon season, and relatively dry conditions during the remaining months of the year. These environmental conditions support a variety of forest ecosystems and tree species within the region (Nagpur District Gazetteer, 2025).

Considering the ecologicalopulence of this forest landscape, the present study was conducted in the Nagpur Forest Division during the year 2026. The geographic location of the study area in the Nagpur Forest Division is shown in Figure 1. This study aims to determine and compare the calorific value of wood from Tectona grandis and other important forest tree species to evaluate their sustainable bioenergy potential.

Figure 1: Geographic location of the study area in the Nagpur Forest Division, Maharashtra State, India.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The study area: The study forest division occurs both in compact blocks and in scattered patches within the surrounding civil territory. Geographically, the region lies between 20°35′ and 21°44′ North latitude and 78°15′ and 79°40′ East longitude. (Figure 1). The study was carried out in the Nagpur Forest Division located in the Nagpur District of Maharashtra, India. The total area of the Division is 22108.72 ha. The forests of this division occur both in compact blocks like Risala, Paoni, Kuhi, North Umred and South Umred and in scattered patches within the surrounding civil territory. (Figure 2).

Figure. 2: Representative forests stand in the study area used for forest crop assessment

Assessment of forest crops

Assessment of the forest crop is necessary for this study to know the capacity and potential of the forest patch. Forest crop assessment was conducted using the guidelines of the National Working Plan Code 2023 and the guidelines of the National Inventory Programme of Forest Survey of India Manual (Manual for Field Data Collection of National Forest Inventory,2022). In a 0.08 ha area, concentric circular sample plots of 4X8*3.14X804 sq. meters were taken at a random sampling of 50 ha grid, each grid of 100 meters by 500 meters representing approximately 50ha on the ground. A total of 367 sample plots were established across the study area, and the data from all circular plots have been recorded. Within each plot, all trees were enumerated, and their girth was measured using a measuring tape.

Girth measurements were recorded in uniform classes of 15 cm for the determination of species composition and structural characteristics of the forest stands. Enumeration data collected from the plots were used for finding out species density, frequency, basal area, dominance, and Importance Value Index by following established ecological assessment procedures (Luque et al., 2008; Widiyanto et al., 2024; Wojciech et al., 2016). These parameters will help to identify the dominant and ecologically significant tree species present in the study area.

Selection of species for calorific value analysis: Based on the forest crop assessment and species distribution patterns obtained from enumeration data, representative and ecologically important tree species were selected for calorific value determination.  The most predominant species of the Nagpur forests division is Tectona grandis (Teak), hence the need to compare for calorific value analysis with other forest species. Other than teak,29 other species are found in this division in various proportions (Iskandar et al., 2020; Varier, 1996).

Determination of calorific value: Wood samples of the selected tree species were collected from representative forest areas within the study region. The collected samples were first cleaned and then cut into small pieces and air-dried for the achievement of uniform moisture content. After drying, the samples were ground finely and palatalised in 6mm diameter. Pellets prepared from the different wood samples are shown in Fig. 3.

Figure. 3: Pellets prepared from wood samples for calorific value analysis.

The calorific value of each wood sample was determined using a digital bomb calorimeter of the Labsoul India make.The bomb calorimeter was standardised using benzoic acid pellets of known calorific value before sample analysis. A pallet of known material, size and weight was placed in a crucible located inside a heavy-duty stainless steel combustion chamber, commonly referred to as the bomb. The combustion chamber of the calorimeter was ignited in the presence of pure oxygen. The calorific value was then calculated based on the recorded temperature rise and the calorimeter constant according to standard calorimetric procedures, (Pradhan et al., 2019; Sulistyo et al., 2021). To ensure accuracy, multiple measurements were conducted for each species. The experimental setup used for calorific value determination is illustrated in the figure. 4.

Figure 4: Experimental setup showing determination of calorific value using a digital bomb calorimeter.

The obtained calorific values were expressed in terms of energy released per unit mass of dry wood. This method provided a standardised approach for comparing the energy potential of different forest tree species, including Tectona grandis, selected for the study. (Kendry, 2002; Lugo, 1992; Solihat et al., 2010; Sulanlkatchi et al., 2024). The calorific value of the sample was calculated using the following equation (Singh et al., 2005; Nirmal Kumar et al., 2009; Spirchez et al.,2019; Shehab et al., 2022).

Where:
CVs = Calorific value of the sample, T = Final rise in temperature, W = Water equivalent of the calorimeter (calories per degree Celsius), CVt = Calorific value of the ignition thread (2.1 calories per centimetre), CVw = Calorific value of the ignition wire (2.33 calories per centimetre for 6 mm wire), M = Mass of the sample

RESULTS  AND DISCUSSION

Forest type and general characteristics: The forest ecosystems of the Nagpur Forest Division were classified under Subgroup 5A, Southern Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests, according to the revised forest classification proposed by H. G. Champion and S. K. Seth.(India State Forest Report 2023). Poor to good quality forest patches are distributed in the division; the crown density of these forests varied between 0.2 and 0.8, indicating moderate to relatively dense forest stands across different locations. Girth class-wise distribution of teak and non-teak species is shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Distribution of teak and non-teak species recorded in the Nagpur Forest Division

S.N Species Local Name Botanical Name Species code 31-45 46-60 61-75 76-90 91-105 106-120 121-135 135-150 Above 150 Total Girth-wise Classification of Trees in Cm. Trees Per Ha. Basal Area Factor in sq m. 0.0115 0.0224 0.037 0.0549 0.08 0.1017 0.1314 0.1628 0.2102   1 Teak Tectona grandis, (Linn.) 1164 33.85 18.63 15.01 8.20 4.41 1.66 1.13 1.39 1.81  86.09 2 Non-Teak 84.67 38.78 24.10 15.29 9.97 5.81 3.97 3.46 4.23 190.28 3 No. of stems per Unit area

 

118.52 57.41 39.11 23.49 14.38 7.47 5.1 4.85 6.04 276.37 Basal Area in Sq.M. No of trees per ha x Basal area factor 1.36 1.29 1.45 1.29 1.15 0.76 0.67 0.79 1.27   10.03

Floristic composition and forest crop assessment: The floristic composition of the study area indicates considerable diversity of tree species within the forest ecosystem. Forest crop assessment was conducted using enumeration data obtained from 367 concentric Circular sample plots of 4X8*3.14X804 square meters. Individual trees were enumerated, and diameter at breast height was measured to derive structural parameters, including basal area (square meters per hectare), density (trees per hectare), and frequency (number of plots in which a species occurred relative to the total number of plots). Relative values of basal area, density, and frequency were subsequently calculated. The Importance Value Index was obtained by summing relative dominance, relative density, and relative frequency for each species (Rizanti, 2018; Sharma et al., 1989).

The analysis indicated that several dominant species occurred within the forest stands. Tectona grandis exhibited the highest frequency value of 10.13, followed by Diospyros melanoxylon. In contrast, the lowest frequency value of 0.08 was recorded for Ougeiniaoo jeinensis, followed by Dalbergia latifolia. Basal area analysis further indicated that Tectona grandis occupied the largest basal area within the forest stands.

Similarly, the Importance Value Index demonstrated that Tectona grandis had the highest value (71.78), whereas Ougeiniaoo jeinensis recorded the lowest value (0.12). These findings highlight the ecological dominance of teak within the forest structure of the division.  Floristic composition with density, frequency, basal area, and importance value index of tree species in the Nagpur Forest Division is shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Floristic composition and assessment of tree species in the Nagpur Forest Division

Sr. No. Species No. of trees (ha) Relative density Relative frequency Relative basal area IVI 1 Tectona grandis 120.6 29.64 10.13 32.01 71.78 2 Terminalia tomentosa 28.11 6.90 6.09 8.65 21.65 3 Tamarindus arjuna 0.29 0.07 0.34 0.25 0.66 4 Pterocarpus marsupium 1.33 0.33 1.43 0.74 2.50 5 Chloroxylon swietenia. 25.95 6.38 7.69 4.70 18.77 6 Aegle marmelos 7.38 1.82 1.43 2.35 5.60 7 Hardwickiabinata 4.09 1.00 1.09 0.62 2.71 8 Terminalia bellerica 1.78 0.44 0.67 0.74 1.85 9 Buchananialanzan 12.81 3.15 2.35 1.85 7.35 10 Albizzia odoratissima 0.31 0.08 0.38 0.12 0.58 11 Anogeissus latifolia 9.73 2.39 7.90 3.58 13.87 12 Grewia tiliaefolia 1.05 0.26 0.97 0.25 1.47 13 Cleistanthuscollinus 8.07 1.98 4.54 1.24 7.76 14 Cochlospermumreligiosum 6.61 1.62 0.88 0.87 3.37 15 Adina cordifolia 0.2 0.05 0.29 0.03 0.38 16 Acacia catechu 11.37 2.79 4.45 2.35 9.59 17 Mitragyna parviflora 0.95 0.23 0.59 0.25 1.07 18 Miliusavelutina 0.96 0.23 0.55 0.49 1.28 19 Holarrhenaantidysenterica 7.76 1.91 4.08 1.24 7.22 20 Buchananialanzan 4.62 1.14 2.06 0.87 4.06 21 Lagerstroemia parviflora 14.95 3.68 6.30 1.61 11.59 22 Lanneacoromandelica 7.47 1.83 2.10 0.37 4.31 23 Madhuca indica 6.54 1.61 2.61 3.58 7.80 24 Butea monosperma 18.23 4.48 3.87 3.71 12.05 25 Soymidafebrifuga 3.88 0.96 2.06 2.35 5.36 26 Boswellia serrata 1.37 0.33 0.50 0.74 1.58 27 Bombax ceiba 0.08 0.02 0.25 0.03 0.30 28 Dalbergia latifolia 0.12 0.03 0.13 0.02 0.17 29 Ougennia Oogenesis 0.08 0.02 0.08 0.01 0.12 30 Diospyros melanoxylon 20.39 5.02 8.78 2.72 16.52 31 Other 79.75 19.60 15.42 18.54 53.56 Total 406.82

Calorific value determination: Based on the forest crop assessment and species distribution patterns, representative tree species were selected for calorific value analysis using a bomb calorimeter. The calorific values vary from species to species. The variations in calorific values of different species are depicted in Table 3. The results indicate that Tectona grandis showed a calorific value of approximately 20.2 megajoules per kilogram, while the highest calorific value among the studied species was recorded for Buchanania lanzan at approximately 27.2 megajoules per kilogram. The overall range of calorific values among the studied tree species varied from about 5.02 to 27.2 megajoules per kilogram (Table 3). The greater energy efficiency and higher heat output during combustion is directly proportional to a higher calorific value. Wood with a higher calorific value proved more efficient biomass fuel compared to lower-grade fuel materials. The relatively high calorific value observed in teak wood reflects its dense structure and relatively high carbon and extractive content. These characteristics contribute to slow combustion and sustained heat release, which are desirable properties for biomass fuel applications. Similar observations regarding the energy potential of woody biomass species have been reported in earlier studies (Nair, 1983,  Kumar et al 2009).

The findings of the present study demonstrate that several forest tree species in the Nagpur forest division possess significant energy potential when converted into biomass fuels such as pellets. However, the calorific values observed in this study may also be influenced by factors such as wood density, chemical composition, moisture content, and site conditions. Therefore, further investigations integrating chemical and physical properties of biomass may provide deeper insights into the suitability of different forest species for renewable energy production. By combining forest crop assessment with calorific value evaluation, the study provides useful information for forest management, biomass energy planning, and the sustainable utilisation of forest resources.

Table 3. Calorific values of selected forest tree species in the Nagpur Forest Division

Sr. No. Species Name Calorific value   Mega Joule per kilogram (MJ/kg) 1 Tectona grandis 20.2 2 Terminalia tomentosa 18.6 3 Terminalia arjuna 5.03 4 Pterocarpus marsupium 19.7 5 Chloroxylon swietenia. 21.51 6 Aegle marmelos 20.4 7 Hardwickiabinata 20.5 8 Terminalia bellerica 20.9 9 Buchananialanzan 25.3 10 Albizzia odoratissima 18.15 11 Anogeissus latifolia 16.6 12 Grewia tiliaefolia 16.0 13 Cleistanthuscollinus 19.1 14 Cochlospermumreligiosum 17 15 Adina cordifolia 20.24 16 Acacia catechu 22 17 Mitragyna parviflora 15 18 Miliusavelutina 10 19 Holarrhenaantidysenterica 14 20 Buchananialanzan 27.2 21 Lagerstroemia parviflora 18 22 Lanneacoromandelica 18.3 23 Madhuca indica 15 24 Butea monosperma 20.4 25 Soymidafebrifuga 18 26 Boswellia serrata 18.2 27 Bombax ceiba 20 28 Dalbergia latifolia 21 29 Ougenniaoogeinensis 20.5 30 Diospyros melanoxylon 20.1

The present investigation provided an integrated evaluation of forest crop composition and calorific value characteristics of dominant tree species occurring in the Nagpur Forest Division. The findings demonstrate that the forests of this region support considerable floral diversity and exhibit structural characteristics typical of tropical dry deciduous ecosystems. The assessment of forest crops using systematic sampling revealed variations in species distribution, density, basal area, and ecological dominance across the forest stands. Such structural attributes are important indicators of ecosystem stability and provide insight into the ecological functioning and productivity of forest landscapes. The evaluation of calorific values of selected tree species further highlighted the potential of forest biomass as a renewable energy resource. Differences in calorific values among species reflected variations in wood density, chemical composition, and carbon content. The results show that the Tectona grandis has the highest frequency in the forest area of the Nagpur division, having a calorific value of 20.2 MJ/kg. Buchananialanzan has the highest calorific value, which is 27.2 MJ/kg, and the overall range of calorific values of different species is 5.02 to 27.2. MJ/kg.

 The high calorific value of wood pellets signifies greater energy efficiency, higher heat output, and cost-effectiveness compared to lower-grade alternatives and traditional fuels. A high calorific value means that more heat is generated per unit of fuel burned. The high calorific value of teak wood signifies a superior energy output, making it a highly efficient and cost-effective biofuel, like other biofuel species. The high calorific value of teak signifies that this species can be used as a better fuel resource by converting it into pellets and briquettes. As the calorific value is directly proportional to the density of wood and high carbon content, indicating teak as a strong, durable, slow-burning and proven as an excellent resource for sustainable energy generation.

The novelty of the present study lies in the integrated evaluations of ecological assessment along with calorific value determination, which contribute to a better understanding of how forest resources can support both ecological sustainability and renewable energy development. However, the present investigation was limited to selected species and focused primarily on calorific value as an indicator of energy potential. Other factors, such as moisture content, chemical composition, growth conditions, and long-term productivity of biomass resources, were not examined in detail. Future research could therefore expand the analysis to include a wider range of species, seasonal variations in wood properties, and additional fuel quality parameters. Further studies integrating ecological, chemical, and energy-related characteristics of forest biomass would provide deeper insights into the sustainable utilisation of forest resources for renewable energy production. Overall, from this study demonstration of the ecological richness of the Nagpur Forest Division and the importance of assessing both forest structure and biomass energy potential is depicted, which is valuable for sustainable forest management, conservation planning, and the development of environmentally responsible bio-energy strategies.

CONCLUSION

This study of forest crop composition and calorific value characteristics of dominant tree speciesin the Nagpur Forest Division demonstrates that the forests of this region support considerable floral diversity of tropical dry deciduous ecosystems. The assessment of forest crops using systematic sampling revealed ecological variations showing ecosystem stability, ecological functioning and productivity of forest landscapes. The evaluation of calorific values of selected tree species, along with Tectona grandis, further highlighted the potential of forest biomass as a renewable energy resource and highlighted the relatively high calorific value along with notable ecological dominance of Tectona grandis, for biomass-based energy production.

Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this manuscript.

Data availability: All data are available with the corresponding author on a reasonable request

Funding Agency-Nil

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