Richter B, Hemmingsen B, Metzendorf M-I, Takwoingi Y (2018) Development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in people with intermediate hyperglycaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 10(10):CD012661. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012661.pub2
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Schlesinger S, Neuenschwander M, Barbaresko J et al (2021) Prediabetes and risk of mortality, diabetes-related complications and comorbidities: umbrella review of meta-analyses of prospective studies. Diabetologia 65(2):275–285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-021-05592-3
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Rooney MR, Fang M, Ogurtsova K et al (2023) Global prevalence of prediabetes. Diabetes Care 46(7):1388–1394. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-2376
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
International Diabetes Federation (2025) IDF Diabetes Atlas, 11th edn. Available from https://diabetesatlas.org/. Accessed 10 June 2026
Greiner GG, Emmert-Fees KMF, Becker J et al (2020) Toward targeted prevention: risk factors for prediabetes defined by impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance and increased HbA1c in the population-based KORA study from Germany. Acta Diabetol 57(12):1481–1491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-020-01573-x
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Feizi A, Shahraki PK, Najafabadi AM et al (2023) The association of exposure to air pollution with changes in plasma glucose indices, and incidence of diabetes and prediabetes: a prospective cohort of first-degree relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes. J Res Med Sci 28:21. https://doi.org/10.4103/jrms.jrms_477_22
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Peng C, Bind M-AC, Colicino E et al (2016) Particulate air pollution and fasting blood glucose in nondiabetic individuals: associations and epigenetic mediation in the normative aging study, 2000–2011. Environ Health Perspect 124(11):1715–1721. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp183
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zhang Z, Dong B, Li S et al (2019) Particulate matter air pollution and blood glucose in children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study in China. Sci Total Environ 691:868–873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.179
Fleisch AF, Gold DR, Rifas-Shiman SL et al (2014) Air pollution exposure and abnormal glucose tolerance during pregnancy: the project Viva cohort. Environ Health Perspect 122(4):378–383. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307065
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Liao J, Chen X, Xu S et al (2019) Effect of residential exposure to green space on maternal blood glucose levels, impaired glucose tolerance, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Environ Res 176:108526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108526
Nathan DM, Davidson MB, DeFronzo RA et al (2007) Impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance: implications for care. Diabetes Care 30(3):753–759. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc07-9920
Jumpertz von Schwartzenberg R, Vazquez Arreola E, Sandforth A, Hanson RL, Birkenfeld AL (2024) Role of weight loss-induced prediabetes remission in the prevention of type 2 diabetes: time to improve diabetes prevention. Diabetologia 67(8):1714–1718. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-024-06178-5
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sandforth A, Arreola EV, Hanson RL et al (2025) Prevention of type 2 diabetes through prediabetes remission without weight loss. Nat Med 31(10):3330–3340. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-025-03944-9
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Linkohr B, Heier M, Gieger C et al (2025) Cohort profile: cooperative health research in the region of Augsburg (KORA) 1984–2024. Int J Epidemiol 54(6):187. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyaf187
Holle R, Happich M, Löwel H, Wichmann HE (2005) KORA–a research platform for population based health research. Gesundheitswesen 67(Suppl 1):S19–S25. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-858235
Holle R, Hochadel M, Reitmeir P, Meisinger C, Wichmann HE (2006) Prolonged recruitment efforts in health surveys: effects on response, costs, and potential bias. Epidemiology 17(6):639–643. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000239731.86975.7f
Yu Z, Kress S, Blay N et al (2025) External exposome and incident asthma across the life course in 14 European cohorts: a prospective analysis within the EXPANSE project. Lancet Reg Health Eur 54:101314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2025.101314
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
de Hoogh K, Hoek G, Flückiger B et al (2025) A Europe-wide characterization of the external exposome: a spatio-temporal analysis. Environ Int 200:109542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2025.109542
Shen Y, de Hoogh K, Schmitz O et al (2022) Europe-wide air pollution modeling from 2000 to 2019 using geographically weighted regression. Environ Int 168:107485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107485
Nikolaou N, Dallavalle M, Stafoggia M et al (2023) High-resolution spatiotemporal modeling of daily near-surface air temperature in Germany over the period 2000–2020. Environ Res 219:115062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.115062
Keil AP, Buckley JP, O’Brien KM, Ferguson KK, Zhao S, White AJ (2020) A quantile-based g-computation approach to addressing the effects of exposure mixtures. Environ Health Perspect 128(4):47004. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5838
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Wilson PWF, Meigs JB, Sullivan L, Fox CS, Nathan DM, D’Agostino RB (2007) Prediction of incident diabetes mellitus in middle-aged adults: the Framingham Offspring Study. Arch Intern Med 167(10):1068–1074. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.167.10.1068
American Diabetes Association (2011) Standards of medical care in diabetes--2011. Diabetes Care 34 Suppl 1(Suppl 1): S11-S61. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc11-S011
Rothman DL, Magnusson I, Katz LD, Shulman RG, Shulman GI (1991) Quantitation of hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in fasting humans with 13C NMR. Science 254(5031):573–576. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1948033
DeFronzo RA, Gunnarsson R, Björkman O, Olsson M, Wahren J (1985) Effects of insulin on peripheral and splanchnic glucose metabolism in noninsulin-dependent (type II) diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 76(1):149–155. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI111938
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Faerch K, Borch-Johnsen K, Holst JJ, Vaag A (2009) Pathophysiology and aetiology of impaired fasting glycaemia and impaired glucose tolerance: does it matter for prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes? Diabetologia 52(9):1714–1723. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-009-1443-3
Abdul-Ghani MA, Tripathy D, DeFronzo RA (2006) Contributions of beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance to the pathogenesis of impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose. Diabetes Care 29(5):1130–1139. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.2951130
Faerch K, Vaag A, Holst JJ, Hansen T, Jørgensen T, Borch-Johnsen K (2009) Natural history of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in the progression from normal glucose tolerance to impaired fasting glycemia and impaired glucose tolerance: the Inter99 study. Diabetes Care 32(3):439–444. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc08-1195
Gong X, Wang S, Wang X et al (2024) Long-term exposure to air pollution and risk of insulin resistance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 271:115909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115909
Dang J, Yang M, Zhang X et al (2018) Associations of exposure to air pollution with insulin resistance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 15(11):2593. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112593
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Haberzettl P, O’Toole TE, Bhatnagar A, Conklin DJ (2016) Exposure to fine particulate air pollution causes vascular insulin resistance by inducing pulmonary oxidative stress. Environ Health Perspect 124(12):1830–1839. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp212
Comments (0)