Marques AR, Strle F, Wormser GP. Comparison of Lyme disease in the United States and Europe. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2708.204763.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Rizzoli A, Hauffe HC, Carpi G, Vourc’h GI, Neteler M, Rosà R. Lyme borreliosis in Europe. Eurosurveillance. 2011;16(27):19906. https://doi.org/10.2807/ese.16.27.19906-en.
Enkelmann J, Böhmer M, Fingerle V, et al. Incidence of notified Lyme borreliosis in Germany, 2013–2017. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):14976. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33136-0.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Orlíková H, Kybicová K, Malý M, Kynčl J. Surveillance and epidemiology of Lyme borreliosis in the Czech Republic in 2018 and 2019. Biol (Bratisl). 2022;77(6):1651–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11756-021-00868-w.
Dahl V, Wisell KT, Giske CG, Tegnell A, Wallensten A. Lyme neuroborreliosis epidemiology in Sweden 2010 to 2014: clinical microbiology laboratories are a better data source than the hospital discharge diagnosis register. Eurosurveillance. 2019;24(20):1800453. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.20.1800453.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Dessau RB, Espenhain L, Mølbak K, Krause TG, Voldstedlund M. Improving national surveillance of Lyme neuroborreliosis in Denmark through electronic reporting of specific antibody index testing from 2010 to 2012. Eurosurveillance. 2015;20(28):21184. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES2015.20.28.21184.
Tetens MM, Haahr R, Dessau RB, et al. Changes in Lyme neuroborreliosis incidence in Denmark, 1996 to 2015. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis. 2020;11(6):101549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101549.
Dos AHH, Sørensen NV, Sagar MV, Lebech AM, Hougaard A, Stenør C. Clinical characteristics in danish children and adults diagnosed with neuroborreliosis: a retrospective study from january 2016 to january 2024. Eur J Neurol. 2025;32(7):e70250. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.70250.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Waldeck M, Winqvist N, Christiansen CB, Settergren B, Lindgren PE. Surveillance of Lyme neuroborreliosis and Lyme borreliosis: estimates of disease burden in Southern Sweden 2009–2022. Infect Dis. 2026;14. https://doi.org/10.1080/23744235.2025.2542515.
Mygland Å, Ljøstad U, Fingerle V, Rupprecht T, Schmutzhard E, Steiner I. EFNS guidelines on the diagnosis and management of European Lyme neuroborreliosis. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17(1):8–e4. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02862.x.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Nocton JJ, Bloom BJ, Rutledge BJ, et al. Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA by Polymerase Chain Reaction in Cerebrospinal Fluid in Lyme Neuroborreliosis. J Infect Dis. 1996;174(3):623–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/174.3.623.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Cerar T, Ogrinc K, Cimperman J, Lotrič-Furlan S, Strle F, Ružić-Sabljić E. Validation of cultivation and PCR methods for diagnosis of Lyme neuroborreliosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46(10):3375–9. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00410-08.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Forselv KJN, Lorentzen ÅR, Ljøstad U, et al. Does more favourable handling of the cerebrospinal fluid increase the diagnostic sensitivity of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato-specific PCR in Lyme neuroborreliosis? Infect Dis. 2018;50(4):297–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/23744235.2017.1399315.
Leth TA, Joensen SM, Bek-Thomsen M, Møller JK. Establishment of a digital PCR method for detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex DNA in cerebrospinal fluid. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):19991. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-24041-8.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Nielsen AB, Fjordside L, Drici L, et al. The diagnostic potential of proteomics and machine learning in Lyme neuroborreliosis. Nat Commun. 2025;16(1):9322. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-64903-z.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Fredriksson T, Brudin L, Henningsson A, Skogman B, Tjernberg I. Diagnostic patterns of serum inflammatory protein markers in children with Lyme neuroborreliosis. Ticks and Tick-borne Dis. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2024.102349.
Haglund S, Gyllemark P, Forsberg P, Brudin L, Tjernberg I, Henningsson AJ. Cerebrospinal fluid protein profiling of inflammatory and neurobiological markers in Lyme neuroborreliosis. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):20190. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-06146-y.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
McGowan J, Sampson M, Salzwedel DM, Cogo E, Foerster V, Lefebvre C. PRESS peer review of electronic search strategies: 2015 guideline statement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2016;75:40–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.01.021.
McInnes MDF, Moher D, Thombs BD, McGrath TA, Bossuyt PM, The PRISMA-DTA Group. Preferred reporting items for a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy studies: the PRISMA-DTA statement. JAMA. 2018;319(4):388–96. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.19163.
R Core Team. (2025) R: A Language and environment for statistical computing, R Foundation for Statistical. Computing, https://www.R-project.org/.
Sulik A, Toczylowski K, Kulczynska-Przybik A, Mroczko B. Amyloid and tau protein concentrations in children with meningitis and encephalitis. Viruses. 2022;14(4):725. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14040725.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Grygorczuk SS, Pancewicz SA, Kondrusik M, Swierzbinska R, Zajkowska JM, Hermanowska-Szpakowicz T. Apoptosis in Lyme borreliosis–a preliminary study. Med Sci Monit Int Med J Exp Clin Res. 2003;9(11):CR449–55.
Moniuszko-Malinowska A, Penza P, Czupryna P, et al. Assessment of TLR-2 concentration in tick-borne encephalitis and neuroborreliosis. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2019;79(7):502–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365513.2019.1661510.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Svatonová J, Borecká K, Adam P, Lánská V. Beta2-Microglobulin as a diagnostic marker in cerebrospinal fluid: a follow-up study. Dis Markers. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/495402.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Arnason S, Molewijk K, Henningsson A, Tjernberg I, Skogman B. Brain damage markers neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S100B in serum in children with Lyme neuroborreliosis-detection and evaluation as prognostic biomarkers for clinical outcome. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2022;41(7):1051–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-022-04460-1.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Tjernberg I, Schön T, Ernerudh J, Wistedt A, Forsberg P, Eliasson I. C6-peptide serology as diagnostic tool in neuroborreliosis. APMIS. 2008;116(5):393–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0463.2008.00842.x.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Krut JJ, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid Alzheimer’s biomarker profiles in CNS infections. J Neurol. 2013;260(2):620–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-012-6688-y.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Dotevall L, Hagberg L, Fuchs D, Reibnegger G, Wachter H. Cerebrospinal fluid and serum neopterin levels in patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis. Infection. 1990;18(4):210–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01643387.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Barstad B, Henningsson A, Tveitnes D, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid cytokines and chemokines in children with Lyme neuroborreliosis; pattern and diagnostic utility. Cytokine. 2020.
Comments (0)