Alakörkkö I, Törmälehto S, Leppänen T, McNicholas WT, Arnardottir ES, Sund R. The economic cost of obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review. Sleep Med Rev. 2023;72:101854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2023.101854.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Punjabi NM. The epidemiology of adult obstructive sleep apnea. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2008;5:136–43. https://doi.org/10.1513/pats.200709-155MG.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Furlan JC, Coschignano JI, Berger S, Hitzig SL, Milligan J, Athanasopoulos P, et al. Feasibility, validity and economic impact of a home‐based sleep screening test in the detection of sleep‐related breathing disorders in individuals living with spinal cord injury: a multi‐method study and cost‐minimisation analysis. J Sleep Res. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.70112.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Riha RL, Celmina M, Cooper B, Hamutcu-Ersu R, Kaditis A, Morley A, et al. ERS technical standards for using type III devices (limited channel studies) in the diagnosis of sleep disordered breathing in adults and children. Eur Respir J. 2023;61:2200422. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00422-2022.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gambino F, Zammuto MM, Virzì A, Conti G, Bonsignore MR. Treatment options in obstructive sleep apnea. Intern Emerg Med. 2022;17:971–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-022-02983-1.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chang H, Chen Y, Du J. Obstructive sleep apnea treatment in adults. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2020;36:7–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/kjm2.12130.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eckert DJ. Developments in pharmacotherapy for obstructive sleep apnoea: Unlocking the Potential for Targeted Treatment. Drugs [Internet]. 2025 [cited 2026 Jan 27]; https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-025-02268-9.

Montazeri K, Jonsson SA, Agustsson JS, Serwatko M, Gislason T, Arnardottir ES. The design of RIP belts impacts the reliability and quality of the measured respiratory signals. Sleep Breath. 2021;25:1535–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-020-02268-x.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Finnsson E, Arnardóttir E, Montazeri K, Keenan BT, Schwab RJ, Gislason T, et al. Respiratory inductance plethysmography to quantify changes in ventilation in obstructive sleep apnea. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2025;1–20. https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2025.3618403.

Berry RB, Budhiraja R, Gottlieb DJ, Gozal D, Iber C, Kapur VK, et al. Rules for scoring respiratory events in sleep: update of the 2007 AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events: deliberations of the sleep apnea definitions task force of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. J Clin Sleep Med. 2012. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.2172.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Qureshi A, Ballard RD, Nelson HS. Obstructive sleep apnea. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;112:643–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2003.08.031.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dempsey JA, Veasey SC, Morgan BJ, O’Donnell CP. Pathophysiology of sleep apnea. Physiol Rev. 2010;90:47–112. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00043.2008.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Peker Y, Carlson J, Hedner J. Increased incidence of coronary artery disease in sleep apnoea: a long-term follow-up. Eur Respir J. 2006;28:596–602. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.06.00107805.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Verbraecken J, Dieltjens M, Op De Beeck S, Vroegop A, Braem M, Vanderveken O, et al. Non-CPAP therapy for obstructive sleep apnoea. Breathe. 2022;18:220164. https://doi.org/10.1183/20734735.0164-2022.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yamauchi M, Fujita Y, Kumamoto M, Yoshikawa M, Ohnishi Y, Nakano H, et al. Nonrapid eye movement-predominant obstructive sleep apnea: detection and mechanism. J Clin Sleep Med. 2015;11:987–93. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.5010.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Finnsson E, Erlingsson E, Hlynsson HD, Valsdóttir V, Sigmarsdottir TB, Arnardóttir E, et al. Detecting arousals and sleep from respiratory inductance plethysmography. Sleep Breath. 2025;29:155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-025-03325-z.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bonsignore MR, Mazzuca E, Baiamonte P, Bouckaert B, Verbeke W, Pevernagie DA. REM sleep obstructive sleep apnoea. Eur Respir Rev. 2024;33:230166. https://doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0166-2023.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Malik V, Smith D, Lee-Chiong T. Respiratory physiology during sleep. Sleep Med Clin. 2012;7:497–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmc.2012.06.011.

Article  Google Scholar 

Polotsky VY, Kim LJ, Taranto-Montemurro L, Yee J, Jun JC. Role of sleep-related upper airway neuromuscular dysfunction in the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea. Curr Pulmonol Rep. 2026;15:7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13665-026-00405-7.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

White DP. Pathogenesis of obstructive and central sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;172:1363–70. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200412-1631SO.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Berry R, Quan S, Abreu A. The AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events; Rules, terminology and technical specifications, version 2.6. Am Acad Sleep Med; 2020.

McCullough LM, Mokhlesi B. Obstructive sleep apnea during REM sleep and hypertension: new findings from a clinical cohort. Sleep. 2023;46:zsad003. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsad003.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pevernagie DA, Gnidovec‐Strazisar B, Grote L, Heinzer R, McNicholas WT, Penzel T, et al. On the rise and fall of the apnea−hypopnea index: A historical review and critical appraisal. J Sleep Res. 2020;29:e13066. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13066.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lim DC, Mazzotti DR, Sutherland K, Mindel JW, Kim J, Cistulli PA, et al. Reinventing polysomnography in the age of precision medicine. Sleep Med Rev. 2020;52:101313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101313.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Butler MP, Emch JT, Rueschman M, Sands SA, Shea SA, Wellman A, et al. Apnea–hypopnea event duration predicts mortality in men and women in the Sleep Heart Health Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;199:903–12. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201804-0758OC.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Martinez-Garcia MA, Sánchez-de-la-Torre M, White DP, Azarbarzin A. Hypoxic burden in obstructive sleep apnea: Present and future. Arch Bronconeumol. 2023;59:36–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arbres.2022.08.005.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Parekh A, Kam K, Wickramaratne S, Tolbert TM, Varga A, Osorio R, et al. Ventilatory burden as a measure of obstructive sleep apnea severity is predictive of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023;208:1216–26. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202301-0109OC.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Azarbarzin A, Sands SA, Stone KL, Taranto-Montemurro L, Messineo L, Terrill PI, et al. The hypoxic burden of sleep apnoea predicts cardiovascular disease-related mortality: the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study and the Sleep Heart Health Study. Eur Heart J. 2019;40:1149–57. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy624.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Labarca G, Vena D, Hu W-H, Esmaeili N, Gell L, Yang HC, et al. Sleep apnea physiological burdens and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023;208:802–13. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202209-1808OC.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sands SA, Edwards BA, Terrill PI, Taranto-Montemurro L, Azarbarzin A, Marques M, et al. Phenotyping pharyngeal pathophysiology using polysomnography in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;197:1187–97. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201707-1435OC.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wellman A, Eckert DJ, Jordan AS, Edwards BA, Passaglia CL, Jackson AC, et al. A method for measuring and modeling the physiological traits causing obstructive sleep apnea. J Appl Physiol. 2011;110:1627–37. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00972.2010.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central