The searches were conducted across nine databases and identified 7,655 records. After removing 3,834 duplicates, 3,821 records underwent title and abstract screening, of which 105 were retrieved for full-text assessment alongside three records identified through other sources. Following full-text review, 59 records were excluded, most frequently due to non-compliance with the concept criterion (n = 18), ineligible study design (n = 13), and availability solely as conference abstracts (n = 12). An additional seven duplicate records, corresponding to the same study published in more than one language, were identified at this stage, as this type of duplication could not be detected by automated deduplication. A total of 49 studies met all inclusion criteria and were included in this scoping review. The complete study selection process is illustrated in Fig. 1.

A total of 49 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in this scoping review. The included studies were published between 1996 and 2024, with the majority (67.3%, n = 33) published since 2020 [30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62]. The included studies were conducted across 22 different countries, with a predominance of studies from the United States [40, 42, 47, 48, 57, 60, 63] (n = 7, 14.0%) and India [19, 36, 38, 64] (n = 4, 8.2%). Three studies [56, 58, 65] (6.1%) were conducted across multiple countries. Regarding country income classification, most studies [33,34,35, 39,40,41,42, 44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55, 57, 59,60,61, 63, 66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77] (n = 36, 78.0%) were conducted in high-income countries. In terms of geographic distribution, the majority of studies were conducted in Europe and Central Asia [33,34,35, 39, 41, 44,45,46, 49,50,51, 55, 59, 61, 71, 72, 74, 75, 77] (n = 19, 41.0%) and North America [40, 42, 47, 48, 57, 60, 63, 69, 73, 76] (n = 10, 22.0%).

In terms of study setting, the most frequent location was primary care [33, 39,40,41,42, 44, 47, 51, 55, 60, 63, 66,