Sun H, Saeedi P, Karuranga S, et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;183:109119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109119.
Tuomi T, Santoro N, Caprio S, et al. The many faces of diabetes: a disease with increasing heterogeneity. Lancet. 2014;383(9922):1084–2094. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62219-9.
Fourlanos S, Lübben G, Lindner B, et al. Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) should be less latent. Diabetologia. 2005;48(11):2206–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-005-1960-7.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Buzzetti R, Zampetti S, Maddaloni E. Adult-onset autoimmune diabetes: current knowledge and implications for management. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2017;13(11):674–86. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2017.99.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ogurtsova K, Guariguata L, Barengo NC, Ruiz PL, Sacre JW, Karuranga S, et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: global estimates of undiagnosed diabetes in adults for 2021. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2021;183:109118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109118.
Laugesen E, Østergaard JA, Leslie RD. Latent autoimmune diabetes of the adult: current knowledge and uncertainty. Diabet Med. 2015;32(7):843–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.12700.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hawa MI, Gorus FK, Roder ME, et al. Adult-onset autoimmune diabetes in Europe is prevalent with a broad clinical phenotype. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(4):908–13. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-0931.
Buzzetti R, Zampetti S, Maddaloni E, et al. Management of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults: a consensus statement from an international expert panel. Diabetes. 2020;69(10):2037–47. https://doi.org/10.2337/dbi20-0017.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Carlsson S. Etiology and pathogenesis of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) compared to type 2 diabetes. Front Physiol. 2019;10:320. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00320.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Murao S, Suzuki S, Takeshima T, et al. Clinical utility of C-peptide measurement in diabetes classification. Endocr J. 2022;69(7):799–812. https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.EJ22-0042.
Marzinotto I, Pittman DL, Williams AJK, Long AE, Achenbach P, Schlosser M, et al. Islet autoantibody standardization program: interlaboratory comparison of insulin autoantibody assay performance in 2018 and 2020 workshops. Diabetologia. 2018;66(5):897–912. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-023-05877-9.
Xu Y, Wang C, Wei W, et al. Global burden of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2023;11(3):192–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00411-7.
Leslie RD, Evans-Molina C, Freund-Brown J, et al. Adult-onset type 1 diabetes: current understanding and challenges. Diabetes Care. 2021;44(11):2449–56. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-0770.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ding JT, Yang KP, Lin KL, Cao YK, Zou F. Mechanisms and therapeutic strategies of immune checkpoint molecules and regulators in type 1 diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;13:1090842. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.1090842.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Classification of Diabetes Mellitus 2019. Geneva: WHO; 2019.
Hao J, Yao Q, Lin Y, Sun Y, Zhang B, et al. Cost-effectiveness of two screening strategies based on Chinese diabetes risk score for pre-diabetes in China. Front Public Health. 2022;10:1018084. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1018084.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hjort R, Ahlqvist E, Carlsson PO, Grill V, et al. Overweight, obesity and the risk of LADA: results from a Swedish case-control study and the Norwegian HUNT study. Diabetologia. 2018;61(6):1333–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-018-4596-0.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Brooks-Worrell B, Palmer JP. Is diabetes mellitus a continuous spectrum? Clin Chem. 2011;57(2):158–61. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2010.148270.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Laugesen E, Østergaard JA, Østergaard HL, et al. Latent autoimmune diabetes of the adult: current knowledge and uncertainty. Diabet Med. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.12700.
Vich-Pérez P, Abánades-Herranz JC, Mora-Navarro G, et al. Development and validation of a clinical score for identifying patients with high risk of latent autoimmune adult diabetes (LADA): the LADA primary care-protocol study. PLoS ONE. 2023;18(2):e0281657. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281657.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hu J, Zhang R, Zou H, Xie L, Zhou Z, Xiao Y. Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA): from immunopathogenesis to immunotherapy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:917169. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.917169.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Custură L, Deteşan O, Tilinca R, et al. LADA or type 2 diabetes mellitus- a challenging diagnosis in clinical approach. Acta Med Transilv. 2021;26:55–8. https://doi.org/10.2478/amtsb-2021-0052.
Lampasona V, Liberati D. Islet autoantibodies. Curr Diab Rep. 2016;16(6):53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-016-0738-2.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Landin-Olsson M. Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002;958:112–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02953.x.
Carlsson S. Environmental (lifestyle) risk factors for LADA. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2019;15(3):178–87. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573399814666180716150253.
Zhang Y, Yin T, Wang X, Zhang R, et al. Relationships between islet-specific autoantibody titers and the clinical characteristics of patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(3):404–16. https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0239.
Cervin C, Lyssenko V, Bakhtadze E, et al. Genetic similarities between latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, type 1 diabetes, and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2008;57(5):1433–7. https://doi.org/10.2337/db07-0299.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Thunander M, Thorgeirsson H, Törn C, et al. β-cell function and metabolic control in latent autoimmune diabetes in adults with early insulin versus conventional treatment: a 3-year follow-up. Eur J Endocrinol. 2011;164(2):239–45. https://doi.org/10.1530/eje-10-0901.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Qiu J, Xiao Z, Zhang Z, Luo S, et al. Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults in China. Front Immunol. 2022;13:977413. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.977413.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chen Y, Zhang L, Wang X, et al. Autoantibody profiles in LADA: comparative study across populations. Diabet Med. 2022;39(5):e14822. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.14822.
Wei Y, Herzog K, Ahlqvist E, et al. All-cause mortality and cardiovascular and microvascular diseases in latent autoimmune diabetes in adults. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(10):1857–65. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc23-0739.
Comments (0)