Kumar A, Gangwar R, Ahmad Zargar A, Kumar R, Sharma A. Prevalence of diabetes in India: a review of IDF diabetes atlas 10th edition. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2024;20(1):105–14.
Kaur A, Kumar R, Sharma A. Diabetic retinopathy leading to blindness-a review. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2024;20(9):104–10.
Raman R, Vasconcelos JC, Rajalakshmi R, Prevost AT, Ramasamy K, Mohan V, et al. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in India stratified by known and undiagnosed diabetes, urban–rural locations, and socioeconomic indices: results from the SMART India population-based cross-sectional screening study. Lancet Glob Health. 2022;10(12):e1764–73.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Burmeister J, Pham MN, Bohler F, North C. Diabetic retinopathy in rural communities: a review of barriers to access of care and potential solutions. Ann Med. 2025;57(1):2522323.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Cardona M, Alwenya K, Rehman A, Olalo S, Thai A, Rangi M, et al. Eye care interventions that reduce access inequities for women, rural residents and older people in low-middle-income countries: a scoping review. Front Public Health. 2025;13:1578848.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Olickal J, Devasia JT, Thekkur P, Chinnakali P, Suryanarayana B, Kumar Saya G, et al. How far persons with diabetes travel for care? Spatial analysis from a tertiary care facility in Southern India. Ann GIS. 2021;27(4):341–9.
Tomic D, Shaw JE, Magliano DJ. The burden and risks of emerging complications of diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2022;18(9):525–39.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kanclerz P, Tuuminen R, Khoramnia R. Imaging modalities employed in diabetic retinopathy screening: a review and meta-analysis. Diagnostics (Basel). 2021;11(10):1802.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Akhtar MH, Ramkumar J. Does rural India need a new primary healthcare delivery model? Design for Health. 2024;8(1):93–112.
Cruz TH, FitzGerald CA, Quintana V, Barnes J, Sanchez KE, Hirschl M, et al. Healthy here: a promising referral system model for community–clinical linkages to prevent chronic disease. Health Promot Pract. 2022;23(1_suppl):153S-S163.
Das D, Biswas SK, Bandyopadhyay S. A critical review on diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy using machine learning and deep learning. Multim Tools Appl. 2022;81(18):25613–55.
Vujosevic S, Limoli C, Luzi L, Nucci P. Digital innovations for retinal care in diabetic retinopathy. Acta Diabetol. 2022;59(12):1521–30.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Doğan ME, Bilgin AB, Sari R, Bulut M, Akar Y, Aydemir M. Head to head comparison of diagnostic performance of three non-mydriatic cameras for diabetic retinopathy screening with artificial intelligence. Eye. 2024;38(9):1694–701.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hasan SU, Siddiqui MR. Diagnostic accuracy of smartphone-based artificial intelligence systems for detecting diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2023;205:110943.
Rahat SRUI, Rahman MH, Arafat Y, Rahaman M, Hasan MM, Al Amin M. Advancing diabetic retinopathy detection with AI and deep learning: opportunities, limitations, and clinical barriers. British journal of nursing studies. 2025;5(2):01–13.
Aruna Kumari A, Bhagat A, Kumar Henge S. Classification of diabetic retinopathy severity using deep learning techniques on retinal images. Cybernetics and Systems. 2024;1–25.
Brewster S. The role of community pharmacy in supporting people with diabetes who have a history of repeated non-attendance at healthcare appointments: University of Southampton; 2023.
Hayati A, Abdol Homayuni MR, Sadeghi R, Asadigandomani H, Dashtkoohi M, Eslami S, et al. Advancing diabetic retinopathy screening: a systematic review of artificial intelligence and optical coherence tomography angiography innovations. Diagnostics (Basel). 2025;15(6):737.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Manni P, Romano F, Airaldi M, Zaffalon C, Barbieri L, Zicarelli F, et al. Assessing the impact of pharmacological pupil dilation on anterior chamber cells counting using optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology Science. 2025;100896.
Shao Y, Ma J, Wang Z-Y. Guidelines for preoperative visual function and imaging examination standards in vitreoretinal surgery (2025). Int J Ophthalmol. 2025;18(5):813.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kumar P, Lionis C, Andoko D, Rahman Z, Anastasaki M, Awankem B. Evaluation of diagnostic services in rural and remote areas: bottlenecks, success stories, and solutions. Journal of Surgical Specialties and Rural Practice. 2025;6(1):32–7.
Teng CW, Patel SD, Barkmeier AJ, Liu TA, Myung D, Henderer J, et al. Autonomous artificial intelligence in diabetic retinopathy testing—lessons learned on successful health system adoption. Ophthalmology Science. 2026;6(1):100935.
Yudistira Y, Hendrawan KA, Andayani A, Suryathi NMA, Ernawati T, Gunawan ACV, et al. Diabetic retinopathy screening approaches in developing countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Turkish Journal of Ophthalmology. 2025;55(5):260.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sher M, Sharma R, Remyes D, Nasef D, Nasef D, Toma M. Stratified multisource optical coherence tomography integration and cross-pathology validation framework for automated retinal diagnostics. Appl Sci (Basel). 2025;15(9):4985.
Shi L, Fonseca V, Childs B. Economic burden of diabetes-related hypoglycemia on patients, payors, and employers. J Diabetes Complications. 2021;35(6):107916.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Yin S. Artificial intelligence-assisted nanosensors for clinical diagnostics: current advances and future prospects. Biosensors (Basel). 2025;15(10):656.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Chen Y, Song F, Zhao Z, Wang Y, To E, Liu Y, et al. Acceptability, applicability, and cost-utility of artificial-intelligence-powered low-cost portable fundus camera for diabetic retinopathy screening in primary health care settings. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2025;223:112161.
Sharma V, Feldman M, Sharma R. Telehealth technologies in diabetes self-management and education. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2024;18(1):148–58.
Kumar A, Agarwal D, Kumar A. Diabetic retinopathy screening and management in India: challenges and possible solutions. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2021;69(3):479–81.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Nag A, Hassan MM, Sil R, Karim A. Transforming global healthcare: the role of AI and IoT in modern medical systems. CRC Press; 2026.
Rajalakshmi R, Prathiba V, Rani PK, Mohan V. Various models for diabetic retinopathy screening that can be applied to India. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2021;69(11):2951–8.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Rani PK, Takkar B, Das T. Training of nonophthalmologists in diabetic retinopathy screening. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2021;69(11):3072–5.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chauhan A, Duggal M, Kankaria A, Gupta V, Dhiman S, Singh M, et al. Exploring patient and health care provider perspectives on barriers to diabetic retinopathy screening in public health facilities in North India. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):8251.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Balakrishnan K, Velusamy D, Hinkle HE, Li Z, Ramasamy K, Khan H, et al. Artificial intelligence in rural healthcare delivery: bridging gaps and enhancing equity through innovation. arXiv preprint arXiv:250811738. 2025.
Kesavadev J, Krishnan G, Mohan V. Digital health and diabetes: experience from India. Therapeutic advances in endocrinology and metabolism. 2021;12:20420188211054676.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Okore NE. Addressing the barriers to telemedicine utilization for diabetic retinopathy screening in high-risk and underserved population in the United States. Pan Am J Ophthalmol. 2025;7(1):166.
Comments (0)