Fakhoury M, Negrulj R, Mooranian A, Al-Salami H. Inflammatory bowel disease: clinical aspects and treatments. J Inflamm Res. 2014;7:113–20. https://doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S65979.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sanchez Cruz C, Huerta AR, Barrientos JL, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease and cardiovascular disease: an integrative review with a focus on the gut microbiome. Cureus. 2024;16:e65136. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.65136.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bunu DM, Timofte CE, Ciocoiu M, et al. Cardiovascular manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and preventive strategies. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2019;2019:3012509. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3012509.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Asenjo-Lobos C, González L, Bulnes JB, Roque M, Venturelli PM, Martínez RG. Cardiovascular events risk in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases: a prognostic systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Res Cardiol. 2024;113:246–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-023-02291-4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Feinstein MJ, Nance RM, Drozd DR, et al. Assessing and refining myocardial infarction risk estimation among patients with human immunodeficiency virus: a study by the centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2:155–62. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2016.4494.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mortensen MB, Jensen JM, Rønnow Sand NP, et al. Association of autoimmune diseases with coronary atherosclerosis severity and ischemic events. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2024;83:2643–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2024.04.030.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cainzos-Achirica M, Glassner K, Zawahir HS, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: JACC Review Topic of the Week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76:2895–905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.10.027.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hu C, Liao S, Lv L, Li C, Mei Z. Intestinal immune imbalance is an alarm in the development of IBD. Mediat Inflamm. 2023;2023:1073984. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/1073984.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Glassner KL, Abraham BP, Quigley EMM. The microbiome and inflammatory bowel disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;145:16–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2019.11.003.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boczar KE, Beanlands R. Hearts on fire: the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and how we can tend to the flames. Can J Cardiol. 2022;38:1553–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2022.05.023.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Raggi P, Genest J, Giles JT, et al. Role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and therapeutic interventions. Atherosclerosis. 2018;276:98–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.07.014.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(21):2195–207. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0807646.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ridker PM, Everett BM, Thuren T, et al. Antiinflammatory therapy with canakinumab for atherosclerotic disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:1119–31. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1707914.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Masson W, Lobo M, Nogueira JP, Rodriguez-Granillo AM, Barbagelata LE, Siniawski D. Anti-inflammatory effect of semaglutide: updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2024;11:1379189. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2024.1379189.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tardif JC, Kouz S, Waters DD, et al. Efficacy and safety of low-dose colchicine after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2019;38:2497–505. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1912388.

Article  Google Scholar 

Nidorf SM, Fiolet ATL, Mosterd A, et al. Colchicine in patients with chronic coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:1838–47. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2021372.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jolly SS, d’Entremont MA, Lee SF, et al. Colchicine in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2405922.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ridker PM. From RESCUE to ZEUS: will interleukin-6 inhibition with ziltivekimab prove effective for cardiovascular event reduction? Cardiovasc Res. 2021;117:e138–40. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvab231.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gravina AG, Pellegrino R, Durante T, et al. The melanocortin system in inflammatory bowel diseases: insights into its mechanisms and therapeutic potentials. Cells. 2023;12(14):1889. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12141889.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Senchenkova E, Seifert H, Granger DN. Hypercoagulability and platelet abnormalities in inflammatory bowel disease. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2015;41:582–9. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1556590.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Perez TM, Sánchez MB, Etchevers MJ, et al. Prevalencia de eventos trombóticos en pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal con seguimiento en un centro de referencia de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Estudio de corte transversal. Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam. 2022;52:58–63. https://doi.org/10.52787/agl.v52i1.171.

Badimon L, Vilahur G. Thrombosis formation on atherosclerotic lesions and plaque rupture. J Intern Med. 2014;276:618–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.12296.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Libby P, Pasterkamp G, Crea F, Jang IK. Reassessing the mechanisms of acute coronary syndromes. Circ Res. 2019;124:150–60. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.311098.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Agouridis AP, Elisaf M, Milionis HJ. An overview of lipid abnormalities in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Ann Gastroenterol. 2011;24(3):181–7.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Agrawal T, Acquah I, Dey AK, et al. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in a nationally representative adult population with inflammatory bowel disease without atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Am J Prev Cardiol. 2021;6: 100171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpc.2021.100171.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sleutjes JAM, van der Woude CJ, Verploegh PJP, et al. Cardiovascular risk profiles in patients with inflammatory bowel disease differ from matched controls from the general population. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2023;30:1615–22. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwad124.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen H, Li W, Hu J, et al. Association of serum lipids with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023;10:1198988. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1198988.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Plutzky J, Liao KP. Lipids in RA: is less not necessarily more? Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2018;20:8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-018-0715-7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nazir S, Jankowski V, Bender G, et al. Interaction between high-density lipoproteins and inflammation: function matters more than concentration! Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2020;159:94–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2020.10.006.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Forbes CA, Quek RG, Deshpande S, et al. The relationship between Lp(a) and CVD outcomes: a systematic review. Lipids Health Dis. 2016;15:95. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-016-0258-8.

Article