Duffy JMN, Bhattacharya S, Bhattacharya S, Bofill M, Collura B, Curtis C, et al. Standardizing definitions and reporting guidelines for the infertility core outcome set: an international consensus development study. Hum Reprod. 2020;35(12):2735–45.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Quenby S, Gallos ID, Dhillon-Smith RK, Podesek M, Stephenson MD, Fisher J, et al. Miscarriage matters: the epidemiological, physical, psychological, and economic costs of early pregnancy loss. Lancet. 2021;397(10285):1658–67.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lawn JE, Blencowe H, Waiswa P, Amouzou A, Mathers C, Hogan D, et al. Stillbirths: rates, risk factors, and acceleration towards 2030. Lancet. 2016;387(10018):587–603.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tong F, Wang Y, Gao Q, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Li B, et al. The epidemiology of pregnancy loss: global burden, variable risk factors, and predictions. Hum Reprod. 2024;39(4):834–48.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Qin Y, Tao Y. Pollution status of heavy metals and metalloids in Chinese lakes: distribution, bioaccumulation and risk assessment. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2022;248:114293.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Akbar WA, Rahim HU, Irfan M, Sehrish AK, Mudassir M. Assessment of heavy metal distribution and bioaccumulation in soil and plants near coal mining areas: implications for environmental pollution and health risks. Environ Monit Assess. 2023;196(1):97.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Anyanwu BO, Ezejiofor AN, Igweze ZN, Orisakwe OE. Heavy metal mixture exposure and effects in developing nations: an update. Toxics. 2018;6(4):65.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Obeng SK, Kulhánek M, Balík J, Černý J, Sedlář O. Manganese: from soil to human health-a comprehensive overview of its biological and environmental significance. Nutrients. 2024;16(20):3455.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tsuji PA, Santesmasses D, Lee BJ, Gladyshev VN, Hatfield DL. Historical roles of selenium and selenoproteins in health and development: the good, the bad and the ugly. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;23(1):5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zachara BA. Selenium in complicated pregnancy. A review. Adv Clin Chem. 2018;86:157–78.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Iqbal S, Ali I, Rust P, Kundi M, Ekmekcioglu C. Selenium, zinc, and manganese status in pregnant women and its relation to maternal and child complications. Nutrients. 2020;12(3):725.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Andrews FV, Branscum A, Hystad P, Smit E, Afroz S, Golam M, et al. A prospective study of arsenic and manganese exposures and maternal blood pressure during gestation. Environ Res. 2022;214(Pt 1):113845.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rusyniak DE, Arroyo A, Acciani J, Froberg B, Kao L, Furbee B. Heavy metal poisoning: management of intoxication and antidotes. EXS. 2010;100:365–96.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Genchi G, Sinicropi MS, Lauria G, Carocci A, Catalano A. The effects of cadmium toxicity. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(11):3782.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wu X, Cobbina SJ, Mao G, Xu H, Zhang Z, Yang L. A review of toxicity and mechanisms of individual and mixtures of heavy metals in the environment. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2016;23(9):8244–59.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Briffa J, Sinagra E, Blundell R. Heavy metal pollution in the environment and their toxicological effects on humans. Heliyon. 2020;6(9):e04691.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Witkowska D, Słowik J, Chilicka K. Heavy metals and human health: possible exposure pathways and the competition for protein binding sites. Molecules. 2021;26(19):6060.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Paithankar JG, Saini S, Dwivedi S, Sharma A, Chowdhuri DK. Heavy metal associated health hazards: an interplay of oxidative stress and signal transduction. Chemosphere. 2021;262:128350.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cao X, Fu M, Bi R, Zheng X, Fu B, Tian S, et al. Cadmium induced BEAS-2B cells apoptosis and mitochondria damage via MAPK signaling pathway. Chemosphere. 2021;263:128346.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hassan S, Thacharodi A, Priya A, Meenatchi R, Hegde TA, Thangamani R, et al. Endocrine disruptors: unravelling the link between chemical exposure and women’s reproductive health. Environ Res. 2024;241:117385.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Saedi S, Shirazi MRJ, Zamiri MJ, Totonchi M, Dadpasand M, Sedaghati F. Impaired follicular development and endocrine disorders in female rats by prepubertal exposure to toxic doses of cadmium. Toxicol Ind Health. 2020;36(2):63–75.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dutta S, Gorain B, Choudhury H, Roychoudhury S, Sengupta P. Environmental and occupational exposure of metals and female reproductive health. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2022;29(41):62067–92.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Amadi CN, Igweze ZN, Orisakwe OE. Heavy metals in miscarriages and stillbirths in developing nations. Middle East Fertil Soc J. 2017;22(2):91–100.

Article  Google Scholar 

Yu G, Wu L, Su Q, Ji X, Zhou J, Wu S, et al. Neurotoxic effects of heavy metal pollutants in the environment: focusing on epigenetic mechanisms. Environ Pollut. 2024;345:123563.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ijomone OM, Ifenatuoha CW, Aluko OM, Ijomone OK, Aschner M. The aging brain: impact of heavy metal neurotoxicity. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2020;50(9):801–14.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bautista CJ, Arango N, Plata C, Mitre-Aguilar IB, Trujillo J, Ramírez V. Mechanism of cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity. Toxicology. 2024;502:153726.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Renu K, Chakraborty R, Myakala H, Koti R, Famurewa AC, Madhyastha H, et al. Molecular mechanism of heavy metals (lead, chromium, arsenic, mercury, nickel and cadmium) - induced hepatotoxicity - a review. Chemosphere. 2021;271:129735.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pan Z, Gong T, Liang P. Heavy metal exposure and cardiovascular disease. Circ Res. 2024;134(9):1160–78.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goutam Mukherjee A, Ramesh Wanjari U, Renu K, Vellingiri B, Valsala GA. Heavy metal and metalloid - induced reproductive toxicity. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2022;92:103859.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ou J, Peng P, Qiu L, Teng L, Li C, Han J, et al. Effect of Lead Exposure on Spontaneous Abortion: a Case-Control Study. Clin Lab. 2020;66(5):835–9.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Ajayi OO, Charles-Davies MA, Arinola OG. Progesterone, selected heavy metals and micronutrients in pregnant Nigerian women with a history of recurrent spontaneous abortion. Afr Health Sci. 2012;12(2):153–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed