Gelber AC. Knee osteoarthritis. Ann Intern Med. 2024;177(9):ITC129–44.
Kloppenburg M, Namane M, Cicuttini F. Osteoarthritis. Lancet. 2025;405(10472):71–85.
Hu Y, Chen X, Wang S, Jing Y, Su J. Subchondral bone microenvironment in osteoarthritis and pain. Bone Res. 2021;9(1):20.
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zhang H, Wang L, Cui J, Wang S, Han Y, Shao H, et al. Maintaining hypoxia environment of subchondral bone alleviates osteoarthritis progression. Sci Adv. 2023;9(14): eabo7868.
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hu YJ, Yu YE, Cooper HJ, Shah RP, Geller JA, Lu XL, et al. Mechanical and structural properties of articular cartilage and subchondral bone in human osteoarthritic knees. J Bone Miner Res. 2024;39(8):1120–31.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chen L, Zheng JJY, Li G, Yuan J, Ebert JR, Li H, et al. Pathogenesis and clinical management of obesity-related knee osteoarthritis: impact of mechanical loading. J Orthop Translat. 2020;15(24):66–75.
Luo P, Wang Q, Cao P, Chen T, Li S, Wang X, et al. The association between anterior cruciate ligament degeneration and incident knee osteoarthritis: data from the osteoarthritis initiative. J Orthop Translat. 2023;44:1–8.
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Distefano G, Harrison S, Lynch J, Link TM, Kramer PA, Ramos SV, et al. Skeletal muscle composition, power, and mitochondrial energetics in older men and women with knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2024;76(12):1764–74.
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hu W, Chen Y, Dou C, Dong S. Microenvironment in subchondral bone: predominant regulator for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2021;80(4):413–22.
Jiang T, Zhang J, Ruan B, Xi X, Yang Z, Liu J, et al. Trachelogenin alleviates osteoarthritis by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis and enhancing chondrocyte survival. Chin Med. 2024;19(1):37.
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Tseng HW, Samuel SG, Schroder K, Lévesque JP, Alexander KA. Inflammasomes and the IL-1 family in bone homeostasis and disease. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2022;20(3):170–85.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
De Roover A, Escribano-Núñez A, Monteagudo S, Lories R. Fundamentals of osteoarthritis: inflammatory mediators in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2023;31(10):1303–11.
Murakami T, Nakaminami Y, Takahata Y, Hata K, Nishimura R. Activation and function of NLRP3 inflammasome in bone and joint-related diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(10): 5365.
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Vande Walle L, Lamkanfi M. Drugging the NLRP3 inflammasome: from signalling mechanisms to therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2024;23(1):43–66.
Yan J, Feng G, Yang Y, Ding D, Ma L, Zhao X, et al. Autophagy attenuates osteoarthritis in mice by inhibiting chondrocyte pyroptosis and improving subchondral bone remodeling. Biomol Biomed. 2023;23(1):77–88.
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chen WJ, Zhuang Y, Peng W, Cui W, Zhang SJ, Wang JW. Du huo ji sheng tang inhibits Notch1 signaling and subsequent NLRP3 activation to alleviate cartilage degradation in KOA mice. Chin Med. 2023;18(1):80.
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Peng Z, Zhan H, Shao Y, Xiong Y, Zeng L, Zhang C, et al. 13-methylberberine improves endothelial dysfunction by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation via autophagy induction in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Chin Med. 2020;15:8.
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Gupta S, Cassel SL, Sutterwala FS, Dagvadorj J. Regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by autophagy and mitophagy. Immunol Rev. 2025;329(1): e13410.
Xia Y, Liu N, Xie X, Bi G, Ba H, Li L, et al. The macrophage-specific V-ATPase subunit ATP6V0D2 restricts inflammasome activation and bacterial infection by facilitating autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Autophagy. 2019;15(6):960–75.
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Barrow ER, Valionyte E, Baxter CR, Yang Y, Herath S, O’Connell WA, et al. Discovery of SQSTM1/p62-dependent P-bodies that regulate the NLRP3 inflammasome. Cell Rep. 2024;43(3): 113935.
Fu L, Duan H, Cai Y, Chen X, Zou B, Yuan L, et al. Moxibustion ameliorates osteoarthritis by regulating gut microbiota via impacting cAMP-related signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother. 2024;170: 116031.
Xiong L, Tian Y, Xu X, Wang H, Li W, Zhai C. Immunopotentiating effects of herb-partitioned moxibustion on the spleens of cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed rats. Chin Med. 2024;19(1):28.
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Jun JH, Choi TY, Robinson N, Park JY, Jun EY, Kim KH, et al. Warm needle acupuncture for osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytomedicine. 2022;106: 154388.
Yin S, Zhu F, Li Z, Che D, Li L, Feng J, et al. An overview of systematic reviews of Moxibustion for knee osteoarthritis. Front Physiol. 2022;13: 822953.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chen L, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Li Z, Wang Z, Miao Y, et al. The water-soluble subfraction from Artemisia argyi alleviates LPS-induced inflammatory responses via multiple pathways and targets in vitro and in vivo. J Ethnopharmacol. 2024;319(Pt 3): 117364.
Jia YJ, Li TY, Han P, Chen Y, Pan LJ, Jia CS. Effects of different courses of moxibustion treatment on intestinal flora and inflammation of a rat model of knee osteoarthritis. J Integr Med. 2022;20(2):173–81.
Liao Q, Zeng J, Chen J, Yuan LX, Liu G. Moxibustion alleviates cartilage lesions in rats with knee osteoarthritisthrough regulating the circPan3/miR-667-5p/Ghrelin signaling pathway. Chin Tissue Eng Res. 2025;29:2475–83.
Li Y, Yang P, Chen F, Tang J, He Z, Yang Z, et al. Ccrl2-centred immune-related lncRNA-mRNA co-expression network revealed the local skin immune activation mechanism of moxibustion on adjuvant arthritis mice. Life Sci. 2023;329: 121910.
Glasson SS, Chambers MG, Van Den Berg WB, Little CB. The OARSI histopathology initiative—recommendations for histological assessments of osteoarthritis in the mouse. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2010;18(Suppl 3):S17-23.
Holyoak DT, Otero M, Armar NS, Ziemian SN, Otto A, Cullinane D, et al. Collagen XI mutation lowers susceptibility to load-induced cartilage damage in mice. J Orthop Res. 2018;36(2):711–20.
Little CB, Barai A, Burkhardt D, Smith SM, Fosang AJ, Werb Z, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase 13-deficient mice are resistant to osteoarthritic cartilage erosion but not chondrocyte hypertrophy or osteophyte development. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(12):3723–33.
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zou B, Xiong Z, Yu Y, Shi S, Li X, Chen T. Rapid selenoprotein activation by selenium nanoparticles to suppresses osteoclastogenesis and pathological bone loss. Adv Mater. 2024;36(27): e2401620.
Peng Y, Shi K, Wang L, Lu J, Li H, Pan S, et al. Characterization of Osterix protein stability and physiological role in osteoblast differentiation. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(2): e56451.
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Karmakar V, Chain M, Majie A, Ghosh A, Sengupta P, Dutta S, et al. Targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome as a novel therapeutic target for osteoarthritis. Inflammopharmacology. 2025;33(2):461–84.
Ye T, Wang C, Yan J, Qin Z, Qin W, Ma Y, et al. Lysosomal destabilization: a missing link between pathological calcification and osteoarthritis. Bioact Mater. 2023;34:37–50.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zhang XQ, Li Q, Xue PJ, Jia YJ, Xing HJ, Xu J. Effects of different acupuncture and moxibustion methods on articular cartilage morphology and NF-κB p65/NLRP3 pathway in rats with knee osteoarthritis. Zhen Ci Yan Jiu. 2023;48(2):185–91.
Vasheghani F, Zhang Y, Li YH, Blati M, Fahmi H, Lussier B, et al. Pparγ deficiency results in severe, accelerated osteoarthritis associated with aberrant mTOR signalling in the articular cartilage. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74(3):569–78.
Comments (0)