Sussman RD, Drain A, Brucker BM. Primary bladder neck obstruction. Rev Urol. 2019;21(2–3):53–62.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M, Griffiths D, Rosier P, Ulmsten U, et al. The standardisation of terminology in lower urinary tract function: report from the standardisation sub-committee of the international continence society. Urology. 2003;61(1):37–49.
Haylen BT, de Ridder D, Freeman RM, Swift SE, Berghmans B, Lee J, et al. An international urogynecological association (IUGA)/international continence society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female pelvic floor dysfunction. Int Urogynecol J. 2010;21(1):5–26.
D’Ancona C, Haylen B, Oelke M, Abranches-Monteiro L, Arnold E, Goldman H, et al. The international continence society (ICS) report on the terminology for adult male lower urinary tract and pelvic floor symptoms and dysfunction. Neurourol Urodyn. 2019;38(2):433–77.
Hoffman DS, Nitti VW. Female bladder outlet obstruction. Curr Urol Rep. 2016;17(4):1–7. Article Number: 31. Date of Publication: 01 Ar 2016.
Dequirez PL, Wasserman MC, Brucker BM. Surgical management of bladder outlet obstruction due to functional and anatomical etiologies in women. Neurourol Urodyn. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.25289.
Bouchard B, Campeau L. Bladder outlet obstruction in women: scope of the problem and differential diagnosis. Neurourol Urodyn. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.25359.
Brucker BM, Fong E, Shah S, Kelly C, Rosenblum N, Nitti VW. Urodynamic differences between dysfunctional voiding and primary bladder neck obstruction in women. Urology. 2012;80(1):55–60.
Brucker BM, Shah S, Mitchell S, Fong E, Nitti MD, Kelly CE, et al. Comparison of urodynamic findings in women with anatomical versus functional bladder outlet obstruction. Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg. 2013;19(1):46–50.
Pang KH, Campi R, Arlandis S, Bo K, Chapple CR, Costantini E, et al. Diagnostic tests for female bladder outlet obstruction: a systematic review from the European association of urology non-neurogenic female LUTS guidelines panel. Eur Urol Focus. 2022;8(4):1015–30.
Nitti VW. Primary bladder neck obstruction in men and women. Rev Urol. 2005;7(Suppl 8):S12–7.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hickling D, Aponte M, Nitti V. Evaluation and management of outlet obstruction in women without anatomical abnormalities on physical exam or cystoscopy. Curr Urol Rep. 2012;13(5):356–62.
Peyronnet B, Lapitan MC, Tzelves L, O’Connor E, Nic An Riogh A, Manso M, et al. Benefits and harms of Conservative, Pharmacological, and surgical management options for women with bladder outlet obstruction: A systematic review from the European association of urology Non-neurogenic female LUTS guidelines panel. Eur Urol Focus. 2022;8(5):1340–61.
Arlandis S, Bø K, Cobussen-Boekhorst H, Costantini E, de Heide M, Farag F, et al. European association of urology guidelines on the management of female Non-neurogenic lower urinary tract Symptoms. Part 2: underactive bladder, bladder outlet Obstruction, and nocturia. Eur Urol. 2022;82(1):60–70.
Marantidis J, Brucker BM, Sussman RD. Primary Bladder Neck Obstruction in Women: Current Management Paradigm. Current Bladder Dysfunction Reports. 2025;20(1) (pagination):Article Number: 11. Date of Publication: 01 Dec 2025.
Padmanabhan P, Nitti VW. Primary bladder neck obstruction in men, women, and children. Curr Urol Rep. 2007;8(5):379–84.
Creta M, Baboudjian M, Sakalis V, Bhatt N, Nunzio C, Gacci M et al. Management of primary bladder neck obstruction and dysfunctional voiding in young men: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. Eur Urol Focus. 2025.
Lec PM, Nitti VW. Bladder outlet obstruction in women: advanced evaluation. Neurourol Urodyn. 2025;44(1):30–6.
Nitti VW, Tu LM, Gitlin J. Diagnosing bladder outlet obstruction in women. J Urol. 1999;161(5):1535–40.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Defreitas GA, Zimmern PE, Lemack GE, Shariat SF. Refining diagnosis of anatomic female bladder outlet obstruction: comparison of pressure-flow study parameters in clinically obstructed women with those of normal controls. Urology. 2004;64(4):675–9. discussion 9–81.
Blaivas JG, Groutz A. Bladder outlet obstruction nomogram for women with lower urinary tract symptomatology. Neurourol Urodyn. 2000;19(5):553–64.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Massey JA, Abrams PH. Obstructed voiding in the female. Br J Urol. 1988;61(1):36–9.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Solomon E, Yasmin H, Duffy M, Rashid T, Akinluyi E, Greenwell TJ. Developing and validating a new nomogram for diagnosing bladder outlet obstruction in women. Neurourol Urodyn. 2018;37(1):368–78.
Gleason DM, Lattimer JK. The pressure-flow study: a method for measuring bladder neck resistance. J Urol. 1962;87:844–52.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kavanagh BP. The GRADE system for rating clinical guidelines. PLoS Med. 2009;6(9):e1000094.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Drain A, Volkin D, Rosenblum N, Brucker BM, Nitti VW. Outcomes of women diagnosed with primary bladder neck obstruction based on video urodynamic criteria. Neurourol Urodyn. 2025;44(1):44–50.
Qin Y, Wu L, Wang F, Zhang C, Zhang P, Hu X. The long-term effects of transurethral bladder neck incision in the treatment of female bladder neck obstruction. Urol J. 2022;20(1):41–7.
Shen W, Ji H, Yang C, Zhang H, Xiong T, Wu X, et al. Controlled transurethral resection and incision of the bladder neck to treat female primary bladder neck obstruction: description of a novel surgical procedure. Int J Urol. 2016;23(6):491–5.
Zhang P, Wu ZJ, Xu L, Yang Y, Zhang N, Zhang XD. Bladder neck incision for female bladder neck obstruction: long-term outcomes. Urology. 2014;83(4):762–6.
Jin XB, Qu HW, Liu H, Li B, Wang J, Zhang YD. Modified transurethral incision for primary bladder neck obstruction in women: a method to improve voiding function without urinary incontinence. Urology. 2012;79(2):310–3.
Zhang P, Yang Y, Wu ZJ, Zhang XD, Zhang CH. Video-urodynamics study on female patients with bladder neck obstruction. Chin Med J (Engl). 2012;125(8):1425–8.
Peng CH, Kuo HC. Transurethral incision of bladder neck in treatment of bladder neck obstruction in women. Urology. 2005;65(2):275–8.
Athanasopoulos A, Gyftopoulos K, Giannitsas K, Perimenis P. Effect of Alfuzosin on female primary bladder neck obstruction. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2009;20(2):217–22.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Pischedda A, Pirozzi Farina F, Madonia M, Cimino S, Morgia G. Use of alpha1-blockers in female functional bladder neck obstruction. Urol Int. 2005;74(3):256–61.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Pal AK, Kalra S, Dorairajan LN, Sreenivasan SK, Manikandan R, Aggarwal D. Outcomes of bladder neck botulinum toxin injection for female primary bladder neck obstruction-does subjective improvement correlate with an objective assessment? Int Urogynecol J. 2023;34(5):1049–54.
Hopland-Nechita FV, Andersen JR, Beisland C. IPSS bother question score predicts health-related quality of life better than total IPSS score. World J Urol. 2022;40(3):765–72.
Okamura K, Nojiri Y, Osuga Y, Tange C. Psychometric analysis of international prostate symptom score for female lower urinary tract symptoms. Urology. 2009;73(6):1199–202.
Comments (0)