Masuet-Aumatell C, Atouguia J. Typhoid fever infection—antibiotic resistance and vaccination strategies: a narrative review. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101946.
Crump JA, Oo WT. Salmonella typhi Vi polysaccharide conjugate vaccine protects infants and children against typhoid fever. Lancet. 2021;398:643–4.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Verma R, Bairwa M, Chawla S, Prinja S, Rajput M. New generation typhoid vaccines: an effective preventive strategy to control typhoid fever in developing countries. Hum Vaccin. 2011;7:883–5.
Wang H, Zhang P, Zhao Q, Ma W. Global burden, trends and inequalities for typhoid and paratyphoid fever among children younger than 15 years over the past 30 years. J Travel Med. 2024;31:taae140.
Hamdulay K, Rawekar R, Tayade A, Kumar S, Acharya S. Evolving epidemiology and antibiotic resistance in enteric fever: a comprehensive review. Cureus. 2024. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.63070.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Webster E, Palanco Lopez P, Kirchhelle C. Shifting targets: typhoid’s transformation from an environmental to a vaccine-preventable disease, 1940–2019. Lancet Infect Dis. 2024;24:e232–44.
Akram J, Khan AS, Khan HA, Gilani SA, Akram SJ, Ahmad FJ, et al. Extensively drug‐resistant (XDR) typhoid: evolution, prevention, and its management. Biomed Res Int. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6432580.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ni Y, Springer MJ, Guo J, Finger-Baker I, Wilson JP, Cobb RR, et al. Development of a synthetic Vi polysaccharide vaccine for typhoid fever. Vaccine. 2017;35:7121–6.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Syed KA, Saluja T, Cho H, et al. Review on the recent advances on typhoid vaccine development and challenges ahead. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71:S141–50.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Date K, Shimpi R, Luby S, et al. Decision making and implementation of the first public sector introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccine—Navi Mumbai, India, 2018. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71:S172–8.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
WHO. Comparison table of WHO prequalified typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs). WHO. 2021. https://iris.who.int/server/api/core/bitstreams/10dee365-0868-4804-aa95-4d5435ab1425/content. Accessed 30 Sept 2025
Typhoid vaccine support. https://www.gavi.org/types-support/vaccine-support/typhoid. Accessed 30 Sept 2025.
Family Welfare Division; Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP). Post Campaign Coverage Survey for TCV Campaign-2022 in Nepal. https://fwd.gov.np/site_uploads/articles/tcv-post-c-10632862.pdf. Accessed 30 Sept 2025.
Haddaway NR, Page MJ, Pritchard CC, McGuinness LA. PRISMA2020: an R package and Shiny app for producing PRISMA 2020-compliant flow diagrams, with interactivity for optimised digital transparency and Open Synthesis. Campbell Syst Rev. 2022;18:e1230.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sterne JAC, Savović J, Page MJ, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019;366:l4898.
Lin F, Ho V, Khiem H, et al. The efficacy of a Salmonella typhi Vi conjugate vaccine in two-to-five-year-old children. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1263–9.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Mitra M, Shah N, Ghosh A, Chatterjee S, Kaur I, Bhattacharya N, et al. Efficacy and safety of vi-tetanus toxoid conjugated typhoid vaccine (PedaTyph™) in Indian children: school based cluster randomized study. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2016;12:939–45.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Shakya M, Voysey M, Theiss-Nyland K, et al. Efficacy of typhoid conjugate vaccine in Nepal: final results of a phase 3, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Glob Health. 2021;9:e1561–8.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Qadri F, Khanam F, Liu X, et al. Protection by vaccination of children against typhoid fever with a Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in urban Bangladesh: a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet. 2021;398:675–84.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Patel P, Liang Y, Meiring J, et al. Efficacy of typhoid conjugate vaccine: final analysis of a 4-year, phase 3, randomised controlled trial in Malawian children. Lancet. 2024;403:459–68.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Qadri F, Khanam F, Zhang Y, et al. 5-year vaccine protection following a single dose of Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in Bangladeshi children (TyVOID): a cluster randomised trial. Lancet (London, England). 2024;404:1419–29.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Shakya M, Colin-Jones R, Theiss-Nyland K, et al. Phase 3 efficacy analysis of a typhoid conjugate vaccine trial in Nepal. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:2209–18.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Patel P, Patel P, Liang Y, et al. Safety and efficacy of a typhoid conjugate vaccine in Malawian children. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:1104–15.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Date K, LeBoa C, Hoffman SA, et al. Field effectiveness of a typhoid conjugate vaccine: the 2018 Navi Mumbai Pediatric TCV Campaign. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2024;111:848–52.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Batool R, Tahir Yousafzai M, Qureshi S, Ali M, Sadaf T, Mehmood J, et al. Effectiveness of typhoid conjugate vaccine against culture-confirmed typhoid in a peri-urban setting in Karachi: a case-control study. Vaccine. 2021;39:5858–65.
Yousafzai MT, Karim S, Qureshi S, et al. Effectiveness of typhoid conjugate vaccine against culture-confirmed Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi in an extensively drug-resistant outbreak setting of Hyderabad, Pakistan: a cohort study. Lancet Glob Health. 2021;9:e1154–62.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Batool R, Qamar ZH, Salam RA, Yousafzai MT, Ashorn P, Qamar FN. Efficacy of typhoid vaccines against culture-confirmed Salmonella Typhi in typhoid endemic countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2024;12:e589–98.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Qamar FN, Qureshi S, Haq Z, et al. Longevity of immune response after a single dose of typhoid conjugate vaccine against Salmonella Typhi among children in Hyderabad, Pakistan. Int J Infect Dis. 2024;147:107187.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Nampota-Nkomba N, Nyirenda OM, Datta S, et al. Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a booster dose of a typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) in Malawian pre-school children. eClinicalMedicine. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103100.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Vadrevu KM, Raju D, Rani S, Reddy S, Sarangi V, Ella R, et al. Persisting antibody responses to Vi polysaccharide–tetanus toxoid conjugate (Typbar TCV®) vaccine up to 7 years following primary vaccination of children < 2 years of age with, or without, a booster vaccination. Vaccine. 2021;39:6682–90.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Qamar FN, Yousafzai MT, Khaliq A, et al. Adverse events following immunization with typhoid conjugate vaccine in an outbreak setting in Hyderabad, Pakistan. Vaccine. 2020;38:3518–23.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kumar Rai G, Saluja T, Chaudhary S, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of the Vi-DT typhoid conjugate vaccine in healthy volunteers in Nepal: an observer-blind, active-controlled, randomised, non-inferiority, phase 3 trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22:529–40.
Comments (0)