Chakravorty A, Heath CH. Melioidosis: an updated review. Aust J Gen Pract. 2019;48(5):327–32. https://doi.org/10.31128/AJGP-04-18-4558

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Merritt AJ, Inglis TJJ. The role of climate in the epidemiology of melioidosis. Curr Trop Med Rep. 2017;4(4):185–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475-017-0124-4

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Petras JK, Elrod MG, Ty MC, Dawson P, O’Laughlin K, Gee JE, et al. Locally acquired melioidosis linked to environment - Mississippi, 2020–2023. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(25):2355–62. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2306448

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wiersinga WJ, Virk HS, Torres AG, Currie BJ, Peacock SJ, Dance DAB, et al. Melioidosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4:17107. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2017.107

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cheng AC, Currie BJ. Melioidosis: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005;18(2):383–416. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.18.2.383-416.2005

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Karunanayake P. Melioidosis: clinical aspects. Clin Med (Lond). 2022;22(1):6–8. https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2022-0014

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grewe I, Hennigs A, Olearo F, Addo MM, Ramharter M, Jordan S. Melioidosis clinically unresponsive to meropenem in a traveller returning from Thailand. IDCases. 2025;42:e02407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idcr.2025.e02407

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Roggelin L, Jordan S, Ittrich H, Schmiedel S. Reiserückkehrer Mit melioidose Aus Thailand. Flugmedizin · Tropenmedizin ·. Reisemedizin - FTR. 2017;24(02):62–5. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-105318

Article  Google Scholar 

Chewapreecha C, Holden MT, Vehkala M, Valimaki N, Yang Z, Harris SR, et al. Global and regional dissemination and evolution of Burkholderia pseudomallei. Nat Microbiol. 2017;2:16263. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.263

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chai LYA, Fisher D. Earth, wind, rain, and melioidosis. Lancet Planet Health. 2018;2(8):e329–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30165-7

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Meumann EM, Limmathurotsakul D, Dunachie SJ, Wiersinga WJ, Currie BJ. Burkholderia pseudomallei and melioidosis. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2024;22(3):155–69. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-023-00972-5

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Newland RC. Chronic melioidosis: a case in Sydney. Pathology. 1969;1(2):149–52. https://doi.org/10.3109/00313026909061049

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Currie BJ, Ward L, Cheng AC. The epidemiology and clinical spectrum of melioidosis: 540 cases from the 20 year Darwin prospective study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010;4(11):e900. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000900

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sarovich DS, Ward L, Price EP, Mayo M, Pitman MC, Baird RW, et al. Recurrent melioidosis in the Darwin prospective melioidosis study: improving therapies mean that relapse cases are now rare. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52(2):650–3. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02239-13

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ganesan V, Sundaramurthy R. Epidemiology and clinical spectrum of melioidosis: analysis of cases from a tertiary care centre in Southern Tamil Nadu. Natl Med J India. 2024;37(1):22–5. https://doi.org/10.25259/NMJI_402_2022

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Currie BJ, Mayo M, Ward LM, Kaestli M, Meumann EM, Webb JR, et al. The Darwin prospective melioidosis study: a 30-year prospective, observational investigation. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(12):1737–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00022-0

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Currie BJ, Fisher DA, Anstey NM, Jacups SP. Melioidosis: acute and chronic disease, relapse and re-activation. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000;94(3):301–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0035-9203(00)90333-x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Inglis TJ. The treatment of melioidosis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2010;3(5):1296–303. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph3051296

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hoffmaster AR, AuCoin D, Baccam P, Baggett HC, Baird R, Bhengsri S, et al. Melioidosis diagnostic workshop, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21(2). https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2102.141045

Limmathurotsakul D, Peacock SJ. Melioidosis: a clinical overview. Br Med Bull. 2011;99(1):125–39. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldr007

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sullivan RP, Marshall CS, Anstey NM, Ward L, Currie BJ. 2020 review and revision of the 2015 Darwin melioidosis treatment guideline; paradigm drift not shift. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020;14(9):e0008659. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008659

Kingsley PV, Arunkumar G, Tipre M, Leader M, Sathiakumar N. Pitfalls and optimal approaches to diagnose melioidosis. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2016;9(6):515–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.04.003

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thanasai J, Laklaeng SN, Khemla S, Ratanavong K, Chatatikun M, Tangpong J, et al. Global prevalence of antibiotic-resistant burkholderia pseudomallei in melioidosis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Antibiot (Basel). 2025;14(7):647. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14070647

Article  Google Scholar 

Gassiep I, Armstrong M, Norton R. Human melioidosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2020;33(2). https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00006-19

European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). EUCAST Clinical Breakpoint Tables v.15.0. (2025). https://www.eucast.org Accessed 17-10-2025 2025.

Zamani A, Zueter AR, Muhd Besari A, Hasan H, Harun A, Deris ZZ. Reduced susceptibility of Burkholderia pseudomallei following exposure to carbapenem. Trop Biomed. 2020;37(3):783–90. https://doi.org/10.47665/tb.37.3.783

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Simpson AJ, Suputtamongkol Y, Smith MD, Angus BJ, Rajanuwong A, Wuthiekanun V, et al. Comparison of Imipenem and Ceftazidime as therapy for severe melioidosis. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;29(2):381–7. https://doi.org/10.1086/520219

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smith MD, Wuthiekanun V, Walsh AL, White NJ. In-vitro activity of carbapenem antibiotics against beta-lactam susceptible and resistant strains of burkholderia Pseudomallei. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1996;37(3):611–5. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/37.3.611

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lipsitz R, Garges S, Aurigemma R, Baccam P, Blaney DD, Cheng AC, et al. Workshop on treatment of and postexposure prophylaxis for Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. mallei infection, 2010. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(12):e2. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1812.120638

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pitman MC, Luck T, Marshall CS, Anstey NM, Ward L, Currie BJ. Intravenous therapy duration and outcomes in melioidosis: a new treatment paradigm. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9(3):e0003586. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003586

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar